The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of the methanolic extract from callus culture of Phyllanthus tenellus, P. corcovadensis and P. niruri in several models of pain in mice. The extracts (medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) of P. corcovadensis, P. niruri and P. tenellus (3-90 mg kg-1, i.p.) caused graded inhibition of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (0.6%), with ID50 (i.e. dose that reduced response of control by 50%) values of about 30, 19 and > 30 mg kg-1, respectively. The extract of callus of Phyllanthus obtained in indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid media (3-90 mg kg-1, i.p.) caused a similar analgesic effect. In the formalin test, the extract of P. tenellus obtained in indole butyric acid medium (3-100 mg kg-1, i.p.) inhibited only the second phase of formalin-induced pain with an ID50 value of about 100 mg kg-1. Both the indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid methanolic extracts of P. tenellus and P. corcovadensis (10-100 mg kg-1, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited both phases of formalin-induced pain (ID50 values for the second phase were approx. 100 and 52 mg kg-1, respectively). However, the extract of callus from Phyllanthus failed to affect formalin-induced paw oedema, as well as the response to radiant heat in the tail-flick test. In addition, the analgesic effect of morphine, but not the analgesic effects caused by Phyllanthus callus extract, was fully antagonized by naloxone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Summary• The induced accumulation of mercury (Hg) by plants was investigated for the species Phaseolus vulgaris (Bush bean), Brassica juncea (Indian mustard), and Vicia villosa (Hairy vetch).• All plants were grown in modified Hg-contaminated mine tailings and were treated with sulphur-containing ligands to induce Hg accumulation. The effects of varied substrate Hg concentration and humic acid (HA) level on the induced plant-Hg accumulation for B. juncea were examined.• Thiosulphate salts (ammonium and sodium) mobilised Hg in the substrates and caused an increase in the Hg concentration of roots and shoots of all tested plant species. Root Hg accumulation was positively correlated to extractable Hg for (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 -treated B. juncea plants grown in HA-amended substrates. However, shoot Hg translocation for this species was inhibited at 1.25 g HA kg − 1 of substrate.• Mercury-thiosulphate complexes could be translocated and accumulated in the upper parts of the plants up to 25 times the Hg concentration in the substrate. We conclude that shoot Hg accumulation in the presence of thiosulphate salts is dependent upon plant species characteristics (e.g. root surface area) and humic acid content.
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