ResumoEste paper apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa financiada pelo CNPq para estudar o fomento à produção audiovisual no Brasil. A pesquisa baseou-se no conceito de indústrias criativas e possuía três objetivos: caracterizar as ações correntes do governo federal de fomento à produção audiovisual; compreender as relações entre as ações de fomento e o conceito de indústrias criativas; identificar as redes que se formam entre os atores envolvidos na elaboração de políticas de fomento para o setor. O método incluiu: análise de websites, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados demonstraram que as políticas de fomento são marcadas por suporte financeiro, mas, também, por esforços para gerar sustentabilidade econômica das empresas no segmento audiovisual. Os fomentadores indicam como necessidades no setor: mais informações sobre o mercado audiovisual; melhor capacitação em negócios entre os produtores; e maiores recursos orça-mentários e humanos para implementar as políticas. Os agentes fomentadores usam o conceito de indústrias criativas, mas ele não é um elemento central nas suas políticas. Eles estabelecem relações entre si para as ações de fomento, mas nem todos se relacionam com todos. Palavras-chave: indústrias criativas, fomento à produção audiovisual, políticas públicas AbstractThis paper presents the results of a research financed by CNPq, to study the foment of audiovisual production in Brazil. The research was based in the concept of creative industries and had three main objectives: characterization of present foment policies to audiovisual production in the federal government; comprehension of the relationship between fomenting actions and the concept of creative industries; identification of networks that are formed among actors in charge of policy-making to the sector. The method included: analysis of websites, questionnaires and interviews. The results showed that fomenting policies are strongly marked by financial support but also by efforts to provide economic health to audiovisual firms. Fomenters align as needs to the sector: more information about the market; better business skills to producers; and more human and financial resources to implementation of policies. Policy-makers use the concept of creative industries but it is not central in their policies. They establish relationships among them to better provide foment, but the network they form does not include relationship among all of them. Keywords: Creative Industries. Foment to Audiovisual Producers. Public Policies ResumenEn este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la investigación financiada por el CNPq para estudiar la promoción de la producción audiovisual en Brasil. La investigación se basa en el concepto de industrias creativas y tenía tres objetivos: caracterizar las acciones actuales del gobierno federal para promover la producción audiovisual; entender la relación entre las acciones de desarrollo y el concepto de industrias creativas; identificar las redes que se forman entre los actores involucrados en las políticas de ...
Problemas que envolvem o movimento da água no solo, despertam interesse acadêmico desde o século passado. Dados da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) mostram grande desperdício de água, principalmente na irrigação de solos saturados. O movimento de água no solo pode ser determinado por meio da equação de Richards, que é um modelo matemático responsável por calcular a umidade volumétrica no solo, assim como o potencial de água no mesmo. Trata-se de uma equação diferencial parcial parabólica não-linear, que necessita de parâmetros empíricos, analisados em laboratório, o que demanda alto custo financeiro e de tempo. Neste trabalho são obtidos os resultados numéricos da solução da equação de Richards, a qual é resolvida utilizando o Método de Volumes Finitos, que tem como característica ser conservativo. Para resolver a referida equação é necessário conhecer a curva de retenção, que é uma relação entre umidade volumétrica e potencial de água no solo. Para validar os resultados obtidos, utiliza-se o trabalho de Haverkamp. Foi implementada a modelagem inversa para obter os parâmetros da equação de Richards aplicando o método de Luus-Jaakola, os resultados simulados foram similares aos dados experimentais.
Evapotranspiration is an important parameter to evaluate soil water deficit and water use efficiency, especially at places with irregularly distributed precipitation. The aim of this study was to assess the daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated by the Thornthwaite and Mather soil water balance method adapted for crops (ThM) and by the dual Kc approach with the crop coefficients optimized from inversing modeling and by the adjustment procedure suggested in FAO-56. The models comparison and optimization were performed with actual evapotranspiration determined by the Bowen ratio -energy balance method (ETβ) for sugarcane at full canopy closure grown in Alagoas State, Northeastern Brazil. The objective function of the inverse problem was defined in terms of ETβ and ETa estimated by the ThM and dual Kc method by optimizing single crop coefficient (Kc) and the basal coefficient Kcb, respectively. Both optimized Kc and Kcb were lower than the adjusted Kc FAO56, with optimized Kc only 3% less than the Kc obtained experimentally. ETa estimated by ThM and dual Kc models with optimized crop coefficients (Kc = 1.05 or Kcb = 1.00) had similar high precision (r² > 0.79) and accuracy (dm > 0.93 and RMSE < 0.30 mm d -1 ), whereas using the coefficients derived from FAO 56 overestimated ETa in both models.
Evapotranspiration is an important parameter to evaluate soil water deficit and water use efficiency, especially at places with irregularly distributed precipitation.The aim of this study was to assess the daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated by the Thornthwaite and Mather soil water balance method adapted for crops (ThM) and by the dual Kc approach with the crop coefficients optimized from inversing modeling and by the adjustment procedure suggested in FAO-56. The models comparison and optimization were performed with actual evapotranspiration determined by the Bowen ratio – energy balance method (ETβ) for sugarcane at full canopy closure grown in Alagoas State, Northeastern Brazil. The objective function of the inverse problem was defined in terms of ETβ and ETa estimated by the ThM and dual Kc method by optimizing single crop coefficient (Kc) and the basal coefficient Kcb, respectively. Both optimized Kcand Kcbwere lower than the adjusted KcFAO56, with optimized Kconly 3% less than the Kc obtained experimentally. ETa estimated by ThM and dual Kc models with optimized crop coefficients (Kc = 1.05 or Kcb = 1.00) had similar high precision (r² >0.79) and accuracy (dm>0.93 and RMSE < 0.30 mm d-1), whereas using the coefficients derived from FAO 56 overestimated ETa in both models.
The simulation of terrestrial ecosystem processes, using numerical biosphere-atmosphere models that can be coupled to the Atmospheric Models, assist in a better diagnosis and forecast of climate and weather. To be able to represent a particular region, biome or ecosystem, the model parameters need to be adjusted for local conditions. This work aims to assess the Luus-Jaakola (LJ) method in the optimization of the parameters in a two-stream radiative transfer model applied to a vegetation canopy. Solar radiation components (incident, S↓, and reflected, S↑) were measured above a sugarcane crop in a Tropical region from February 17 to 24, 2006. Among the combinations of internal and external iterations evaluated for Luss-Jaakola method, 60/30 (external/internal) iterations presented more precise albedo (∝ = S↑/S↓) simulated (r^2 = 0.7386) and, for the accuracy of the simulated ∝, even though the 60/40 combination had the smallest percentual error (6.40%), the 60/30 combination was 0.03% higher. The precision and accuracy of S↑ was greater with the parameters obtained by the inverse problem with the combination of 60/30 (external/internal) iterations respectively. In general, the behavior of simulated S↑ at the top of the canopy was underestimated compared to the observed S↑, especially in the early morning. For the simulated ∝ at the top of the canopy, the model's overestimation was observed at the lowest values of albedo. When the largest albedos are observed, only at the beginning of the day the model underestimated the values. As shown by the tests result, the parameters optimized by Luus-Jaakola method have an adequate representation of the observed data.
O artigo investigou como o tema “audiovisual” tem figurado na produção científica brasileira dentro das perspectivas contidas na Economia Política da Comunicação (EPC). O objetivo foi identificar as abordagens e métodos priorizados em publicações acadêmicas do campo da Comunicação. Partiu‑ se de duas categorias centrais: (1) Políticas de mídia e (2) Estruturas de mercado do audiovisual. O mapeamento dos trabalhos foi desenvolvido a partir da base de dados do Portal de Periódicos Capes, baseado em dois critérios: com acesso livre e classificação como Qualis B2 à A1 na área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. A busca se deu por título e resumo, utilizando‑ se termos previamente definidos.
Scrapie is a contagious disease of sheep and goats caused by prions (PrPSc). This study described an outbreak of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. An 1-year and 3-month-old sheep developed clinical signs characterized by motor incoordination of the pelvic limbs, pruritus and alopecia for three days. The 38 sheep from the flock that were over 1 year of age underwent biopsies of the third eyelid and rectal mucosa, in addition to anti-PrPsc immunohistochemistry (IHC). Blood containing EDTA was collected for PRNP gene genotyping from these sheep. Of the 38, 16 (42.10%) had immunostaining againstPrPSc. IHC-positive animals were euthanized and necropsied, as well as lambs from positive mothers. Different organs of the 19 necropsied animals were collected in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination and anti-PrPSc IHC of the obex. The histopathology of the obex of the female with neurological signs presented discrete multifocal vacuolization of the cytoplasm of neurons and neuropil. The anti-PrPSc IHC showed that two out of the 19 obex samples had cytoplasmic immunostaining in neurons. The genotypes reported were ARQ/ARQ in 47.36%, ARR/ARQ in 36.84%, ARQ/VRQ in 10.52% and ARQ/VRR in 5.28%. The genotyping helps to identify susceptible animals and select animals more resistant to the development of Scrapie. The anti-PrPSc IHC from lymphoid biopsies, and genotyping demonstrated the high number of positive sheep classified in susceptible group.
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