This article analyses the evolution and interplay of national policies and international diplomacy on cyber terrorism within and across the UNSC's permanent five members and the UN process on cyber norms (GGE and OEWG). First, it reveals how -through the extension of preemptive measures to low-impact cyber activities and online content -national policies progressively articulate cyber terrorism as an issue of information security. Second, it problematizes howthrough the adoption of comprehensive and imprecise definitions -the diplomatic language on cyber terrorism might lend international support to those authoritarian regimes keen on leveraging counter-terrorism to persecute domestic oppositions and vulnerable groups. Third, it concludes that -with UN diplomatic efforts increasingly discussing countering (dis)information operations -combining normative debates on cyber terrorism with those on information security requires precision of language to safeguard human rights globally.Cyber terrorism is an elusive concept. Most definitions make a distinction between on the one hand politically motivated violent acts, or the threat thereof, using the internet, and on the other hand all the preparatory and supporting activities for terrorism done on or via the internet, such as recruitment, communication and financing. Governments fear the violent terrorist act the most but, given that "pure" cyber terrorism has not yet materialized, have mostly focused on countering the preparatory and supporting digital activities of suspected terrorists and radicalized actors. Given the "low probability, high impact" character of terrorism, counter terrorism policies have seen a high degree of political and legal exceptionalism, especially in the wake of the 9-11 attacks and the ensuing "war on terror". 1 Given that cyber terrorism is part and parcel of the digital domain, cyber counter terrorism has become intertwined with another general trend in national security and law enforcement, that of the development of the digital surveillance state. 2 The general trend of states trying to increase security by means of online surveillance has been prevalent in international security and foreign intelligence 3 and in domestic and international law enforcement. 4 This has sparked many debates about the proportionality
The present work reports a teaching experience in which, using the Arduino platform and using recyclable materials, it was possible to build soccer robots following the contextualization of a narrative. In this way, it was possible to observe that the development of a story builds a meaning for the students to guide them in the production, besides providing playfulness. With this activity it was concluded that the students felt more interested and motivated in learning the concepts of programming and in constructing the robots robots in a playful way.Resumo. O presente trabalho relata uma experiência de ensino, em que, com uso da plataforma Arduino e utilizando materiais recicláveis foi possível construir carros robôs de futebol seguindo a contextualização de uma narrativa. Desse modo, foi possível observar que o desenvolvimento de uma história constrói um significado aos alunos para guiá-los na produção, além de prover ludicidade. Com esta atividade concluiu-se que os alunos sentiram-se mais interessados e motivados em aprender os conceitos de programação e em construir os carros robôs de uma forma lúdica.
This article analyses the recent use of European Union (EU) terminology of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy, aiming to identify tensions between policy considerations of fundamental rights, free market principles and geopolitical concerns. These tensions are rooted in the disparity between the EU's considerable economic and regulatory power in digital matters and its limited mandate and capabilities in foreign policy. The article also explores the translation of the notions of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy into EU policy. It identifies three important trends in the geopoliticisation of the EU agenda on digital technologies: (1) the instrumental use of ‘classic’ internal market policies to exert geopolitical influence; (2) the imposition of foreign policy imperatives on national markets; and (3) new ‘hybrid’ digital policies that combine internal market concerns, fundamental rights and geopolitical concerns. Ultimately, digital sovereignty has inherent tensions with the EU's normative power in digital issues and may also result in a strategic cacophony.
1.IntroduçãoA expansão das empresas de infraestrutura e tecnologia no país, e a adoção acelerada de serviços de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) pelas iniciativas públicas e privada e ainda pela própria sociedade, tem provocado um déficit de mão de obra especializada no país. De acordo com o IDC (EXAME, 2013), em 2015, o Brasil terá 117 mil vagas abertas para profissionais de tecnologia sem que os empregadores encontrem pessoal qualificado para atendê-las.Entre as especialidades mais requisitadas, está a de desenvolvimento de software, que faz o uso das linguagens de programação. As linguagens de programação são, normalmente, ensinadas nos cursos técnicos de informática e nos cursos de graduação relacionados à computação. Por outro lado, o baixo ingresso de estudantes em áreas relacionadas às TICs aliado o alto índice de evasão dos cursos de graduação tem agravado a situação (WALTRICK, 2013).Com o propósito de atrair mais jovens para este campo da ciência, a Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC) realiza anualmente a Olimpíada Brasileira de Informática (OBI). A OBI está dividida em três modalidades: universitária, programação e iniciação, sendo esta última, destinada aos alunos do ensino fundamental. A modalidade iniciação é subdividida em duas categorias nível 1 para crianças até o sétimo ano, e nível 2 para alunos até o nono ano. A proposta da modalidade é despertar o gosto por problemas de computação e detectar talentos potenciais para programação (OBI, 2015).Nessa linha, surgiu o Projeto Programadores do Futuro uma iniciativa que conta com o apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq) e tem entre outros
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