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Chromium carbide, vanadium carbide, and chromium–vanadium mixture coatings were deposited on AISI D2 steel via the thermo-reactive deposition/diffusion (TRD) technique. The carbides were obtained from a salt bath composed of molten borax, ferro-chrome, ferro-vanadium, and aluminum at 1020 °C for 4 h. Analysis of the morphology and microstructure of the coatings was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The hardness of the coatings was evaluated using nano-indentation, and the friction coefficient was determined via pin-on-disk (POD) testing. The electrochemical behavior was studied through potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD results show evidence of the presence of V8C7 in the vanadium carbide coating and Cr23C6 and Cr7C3 in the chromium carbide coating. The hardness value for the vanadium–chromium carbide coating was 23 GPa, which was higher than the 6.70 ± 0.28 GPa for the uncoated steel. The wear and corrosion resistance obtained was higher for the niobium–chromium carbide coating, due to the nature of the ceramic carbide produced.

RESUMENEn este trabajo se depositaron recubrimientos de carburo de niobio sobre aceros AISI M2, H13 y D2, utilizando la técnica de deposición por difusión termorreactiva. Los carburos se obtuvieron usando baños de sales compuestos por bórax fundido, ferroniobio, ferrovanadio y aluminio a una temperatura de 1.020 °C durante 4 horas. La presencia de los recubrimientos fue observada por microscopia electrónica de barrido. Las fases fueron determinadas usando difracción de rayos X, y se utilizó microdureza para determinar la dureza. El comportamiento electroquímico fue estudiado mediante curvas de polarización potenciodinámica para determinar la densidad de corriente de corrosión, y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica para determinar la resistencia a la polarización. Los resultados fueron comparados con las propiedades del sustrato sin recubrimiento y en general se observó mayor dureza y mejor resistencia a la corrosión en los recubrimientos producidos.Palabras clave: Difusión, carburos de niobio, impedancia, aceros para herramientas, corrosión. ABSTRACTIn this work, niobium carbide coatings were deposited on AISI M2, H13, and D2 tool steels by thermoreactive deposition/diffusion. The carbides were obtained using salt baths composed of molten borax, aluminum, and ferroniobium at a temperature of 1020 °C for 4 hours. The coatings were observed via scanning electron microscopy. The phases were determined using X-ray diffraction, and Vickers indentation was used to determine the hardness. The electrochemical behavior was studied via potentiodynamic polarization curves to determine the rate of corrosion and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the resistance to polarization. The results were compared with the properties of the substrate without a coating, and in general, greater hardness and better corrosion resistance were observed with the coatings.

No abstract

This paper offers basics of thermo-reactive deposition/diffusion process (TRD), a technique that may produce inexpensive and non-invasive or aggressive hard coatings to the environment. We

We deposited of niobium-vanadium carbide coatings on tool steel AISI H13 using the thermo-reactive substrates deposition/diffusion (TRD) technique. The carbides were obtained using salt baths composed of molten borax, ferroniobium, vanadium and aluminum, by heating this mixture at 1020° C for 4 hours. The coatings were characterized morphologically via electron microscopy scanning (SEM), the chemical surface composition was determined through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); the crystal structure was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), the mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated using nano-indentation, The tribological properties of the coatings obtained were determined using a Pin-on-disk tribometer and the electrochemical behavior was studied through potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the hardness of the coated steel increased four times with respect to uncoated steel, and the electrochemical test established that the corrosion current is lower by one order of magnitude for coated steel.Keywords: Coatings, thermo reactive, niobium-vanadium carbide, spectroscopy, impedance. RESUMEN En este trabajo se depositaron recubrimientos de carburo de niobio-vanadio sobre aceros para herramientas AISI H13 utilizando la técnica de depósito por difusión termorreactiva (TRD). Los carburos se obtuvieron utilizando baños de sales compuestas de bórax fundido, ferroniobio, vanadio y aluminio, calentando la mezcla a 1020 °C durante 4 horas. Los recubrimientos fueron caracterizados morfológicamente mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM), la composición química de la superficie se determinó mediante espectroscopia de fotoelectrones de rayos X (XPS) y la espectroscopia de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDX); la estructura cristalina se analizó utilizando difracción de rayos X (XRD), las propiedades mecánicas de los recubrimientos fueron evaluados utilizando nanoindentación. Las propiedades tribológicas de los recubrimientos obtenidos fueron determinadas usando un tribómetro Pin on Disk CETR-UMC-2 y el comportamiento electroquímico se estudió por medio de curvas de polarización potenciodinámica y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS). Los resultados mostraron que la dureza del acero revestido aumentó cuatro veces respecto del acero no recubierto, y la prueba electroquímica estableció que la corriente de corrosión es inferior en un orden de magnitud para el acero recubierto.Palabras clave: Recubrimientos, termorreactiva, carburo de niobio-vanadio, espectroscopia, impedancia.

Ultrafine grained (UFG) and nanostructured steels have gained attention in the last years because of the possibility of improving both strength and ductility, but also because of their potential for improving several properties in metal applications which allows replacing some conventional steels. The refinement of the microstructure obtained through Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) has allowed for the improvement of mechanical properties and the performing of several studies related to corrosion control, mitigation, and protection. In this review, the corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained (UFG) steels is presented regarding the existing literature and the microstructural changes produced through different SPD processes. A focus is placed on the importance of the processes for grain refinement and microstructural changes and, therefore, on the corrosion behavior.Keywords: Severe plastic deformation, corrosion behavior, steels Carbon and alloyed steelsCarbon and alloy steels are the most important engineering alloys because they are widely used in many applications. However, they are very susceptible to corrosion environments and require some corrosion control.