The inflorescence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is heterogamous with zygomorphic ray flowers located in the outermost whorl of the head and actinomorphic disk flowers arrayed in arcs radiating from the center of the head. Two mutants with altered corolla symmetry have been described. The Chrysanthemoides (Chry) mutant is characterized by a shift from the polysymmetric corolla of disk flowers into a monosymmetric ray-like corolla. The tubular ray flower (turf) mutant is characterized by a shift from the zygomorphic corolla of ray flowers into a nearly actinomorphic tubular-like corolla. We performed a genetic analysis of turf, showing that a single nuclear recessive gene controls the trait. Furthermore, we characterized in detail the morphological floral features of Chry and turf, demonstrating that both mutations also affect the development of stamens and carpels. Most disk flowers found in the peripheral whorls of Chry heads showed drastic reduction in stamen length, as well as absence of ovules, and developed an unbranched style. By contrast, tubular-like ray flowers of turf achieved the ability to differentiate both fertile stamens and ovules. Homeotic transformations were also identified in the tubular-like ray flowers of turf, affecting both filaments and anthers that displayed petaloid-like traits. Our results point to a primary role for TURF and CHRY in the programming of the corolla symmetry and suggest a key interaction of both genes with floral organ identity genes.Résumé : L'inflorescence du tournesol (Helanthus annuus L.) est hétérogame, avec des fleurs à rayons asymétriques localisées sur le verticille le plus externe du capitule, et des fleurs tubuliformes symétriques, sur la surface du disque, arrangées selon des arcs s'irradiant du centre vers la périphérie du capitule. On a déjà décrit deux mutants dont la symétrie de la corolle est altérée. Le mutant Chrysanthémoïde (Chry) se caractérise par un déplacement de la corolle polysymétrique des fleurs du disque vers une corolle monosymétrique d'aspect ligulé. Le mutant à fleur tubuliflore (turf) se caractérise par un déplacement d'une corolle asymétrique, constituée de fleurs ligulées, vers une corolle de fleurs d'aspect tubulé presque symétrique. Les auteurs ont conduit une analyse génétique sur le turf, laquelle montre qu'un simple gène nucléique récessif contrôle ce caractère. De plus, ils ont caractérisé en détail les particularités de la morphologie florale du Chry et du turf, démontrant que les deux mutations affectent également le développement des éta-mines et des carpelles. La plupart des fleurs du disque, localisées dans les verticilles périphériques des capitules Chry, montrent une nette réduction de la longueur des étamines, ainsi qu'une absence d'ovule, et développent un style nonramifié. Par opposition, les fleurs des rayons d'aspect tubulé du turf parviennent à différencier des étamines et des carpelles fertiles. On a également identifié des transformations homéotiques dans les fleurs d'aspect tubulé des rayons du turf, qui affect...

Purpose – Italy has become a migrant receiving country and it has to face with the problem of social inclusion of immigrants. The purpose of this paper is to measure the gap on poverty and deprivation between immigrants and natives since manifest conditions of both of them are an important signal, although not exclusively, of social exclusion. Design/methodology/approach – Poverty analysis typically relies on a single monetary variable such as income and it is characterized by a simple dichotomization of the population into poor and non-poor. In this paper the authors stress the importance of using a multidimensional and fuzzy approach in order to study disparities between immigrants and natives. The authors cover several of the multifaceted aspects of resources necessary to maintain adequate living standards in a developed country. With the fuzzy methodology, the authors also overcome any limitation of the conventional approach based on the simple dichotomization of the phenomenon. Findings – The empirical analysis is based on data from two official surveys. The authors find that between Italian and immigrant households there are significant differences in poverty and deprivation levels, with a strong disadvantage for the latter. The authors argue that any serious attempt to reduce poverty and deprivation must now include comprehensive reforms in the nation's immigration policies if they are to be taken seriously. Originality/value – The paper makes an original contribution to the understanding of inequality between immigrants and natives, by studying a complex phenomena such as poverty and deprivation in a multidimensional perspective using a fuzzy approach.

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This article deals with the issue of economic integration of immigrants in Italy. Ethnic inequality and economic stratification are analysed based both on the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the ad-hoc survey on households with foreign people conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2009. With reference to the native group and the groups identified by the largest ethnic communities living in Italy, through the Analysis of Gini decomposition technique, the article highlights that the between-group inequality accounts for a barely four percent of the overall inequality, the largest share being due to the inequalities within the groups. The policy prescription suggested is the adoption of ‘‘peculiar’’ policies on specific subgroups of immigrants aimed at reducing the disparities within the subgroups

Enjeux des exploitations avicoles modernes et semi-modernes de la ville de Niamey au Niger : caractéristiques, innovations et projet d'introduction des asticots dans l'alimentation des poulets Mato et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Enjeux des exploitations avicoles modernes et semi-modernes de la ville de Niamey au Niger : caractéristiques, innovations et projet d'introduction des asticots dans l'alimentation des poulets 14994Challenges of modern and semi-modern poultry farms in the city of Niamey in Niger: characteristics, innovations and plans to introduce maggots to chickens ABSTRACT Objective: This article describes, in a prospective and interdisciplinary approach, the characteristics, innovations and the project of introduction of maggots in poultry feed in the Niamey region in the Republic of Niger. Methodology and results: This prospective and summary work therefore offers a socio-economic, socioanthropological and entomological perspective on the challenges of these poultry farms and on the project to introduce maggots into poultry feed. The poultry activity in the region is characterized by two main types of farming; traditional and modern. The first type combines pure traditional poultry with improved traditional poultry. The second is made up of modern and semi-modern farms. The region's poultry sector is booming. He has known deep and light innovations that are so ingrained in the daily practices of poultry farmers that they appear as mere progress. Among the latter there is talk of an improvement in techniques of breeding, complementation with insects and a permanent quest for better yields. Conclusion and application:This study offers a state of knowledge that can better optimize poultry production through the production and use of fly larvae in modern and traditional poultry farming.

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