Thirty adult goats were classified at parturition into two body condition score (BCS) groups: BCI (n=16) with a score of 2.7 and BCII (n=14) with a score of 2.0. On the fiftieth day postpartum, oestrus was synchronized by CIDR for 5 days. Upon CIDR removal (Day 0), they received 1 mL of PGF2α IM and mated for 72 hours. Kids were kept with does and weaned at 40 days of age. Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 4, 8 and 21 days after CIDR removal for progesterone assay. The BCI group showed a greater weight loss compared to the BCII group, and BCS before synchronization was 1.9±0.08 and 1.6±0.07 for the BCI and BCII groups, respectively (P<0.05). The weaning weight of BCI kids was greater when compared to BCII (P<0.001). After CIDR removal, all females were marked and mated. Pregnancy rate was higher in BCI goats (87% vs 36%; P<0.05), as well as prolificacy (1.65 vs 1.25; P<0.05) and twinning rate (0.62 vs 0.25; P<0.05). Progesterone concentration was higher in pregnant does in BCI. A positive relationship was found between progesterone level at CIDR removal and BCS at parturition (0.57; P<0.01), also between progesterone level at 21 days after CIDR removal and BCS at parturition (0.47; P<0.05), or BCS before synchronization (0.51; P<0.05). We conclude that oestrus response to postpartum CIDR synchronization appeared to be slightly dependent on BCS. However, goats with low BCS at oestrus synchronization exhibited a reduction in pregnancy rate.
RESUMOCom o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e as características da carcaça, foram utilizados 14 cordeiros desmamados inteiros, alimentados com dietas contendo ração comercial e silagem de sorgo ou bagaço de caju desidratado (BCD), como fonte única de volumoso. Os animais apresentaram peso corporal inicial médio de 12 kg e foram abatidos quando atingiram peso médio de 25 kg. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas dietas e sete repetições. A conversão alimentar do grupo alimentado com BCD (8,08 ± 0,32) foi melhor (p<0,05) em relação ao grupo silagem de sorgo (15,62 ± 0,75). Não houve efeito significativo para as características do corpo in vivo e para as características qualitativas da carcaça dos cordeiros alimentados com os dois planos alimentares. Os cordeiros alimentados com BCD apresentaram um rendimento de carcaça fria superior (48,24 ± 0,73 vs. 44,05 ± 1,33; p<0,05) e uma maior deposição de gordura na região lombar. Conclui-se que o bagaço de caju desidratado é uma alternativa viável para a terminação de cordeiros mestiços, quando utilizado como fonte única de volumoso no nordeste. SUMMARYIn order to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics were used 14 whole lambs, fed with diets containing concentrate and sorghum silage or dehydrated cashew apple bagasse (DCAP) as source of roughage. The animals had an average initial body weight of 12 kg and were slaughtered when they reached 25 kg of live weight. We used a completely randomized design with two diets and seven replicates. The feed conversion of the group fed with DCAP (8.08 ± 0.32) was better (p<0.05) compared to sorghum silage group (15.62 ± 0.75). There was no significant effect on the parameters of in vivo performance and on the quality characteristics of the carcass of lambs fed with the two feeding plans. The lambs fed with DCAP had a cold dressing percentage higher (48.24 ± 0.73 vs. 44.05 ± 1.33) and show a greater deposition of fat in the lumbar region. In conclusion, the dehydrated cashew apple bagasse is a viable source of feed for lambs fattening, in the northeast region of Brazil. INTRODUÇÃOCom a expansão da fruticultura na região Nordeste do Brasil nos últimos anos, impulsionada pelo aumento significativo do uso de irrigação localizada para culturas frutíferas, vem tornando a região uma das maiores produtoras e exportadoras de frutas do Brasil. Dentro desta nova visão do potencial agropecuário nordestino, houve também um aumento na quantidade de
Twenty-five adult crossbred goats, divided in two groups, were fed over a period of 16 months with diets based on Tifton hay and concentrate feed with (DCM) or without (WDCM) detoxified castor bean meal as a substitute for soybean meal. Throughout 480 days, blood samples were taken to measure lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, albumin and creatinine. The animals were euthanized, and the anatomical components (lungs, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys, tongue, empty stomach, empty intestines, omentum, cardiac and renal adipose tissue), carcass and commercial cuts (shoulder, ham, loin, ribs and neck) were weighed. Thereafter, an anatomic dissection of the loin was performed, separating the muscle, adipose and bone tissues. On the muscular part of the loin, longissimus dorsi, the proximate composition, fatty acid profile and the expression of SEW-1, IGF-I and IGF-II were analyzed. A higher incidence of bone tissue was observed in the anatomical dissections of the loin and a lower incidence of fat in the proximate composition of the longissimus dorsi of the DCO group compared to the WDCM group (p < 0.05). The expression of the IGF-II and SEW-1 genes was higher (p < 0.001 for each) in the muscle tissue of the DCM animals. Thus, using detoxified castor bean meal for long periods does not produce significant changes in the anatomical composition of the loin or the proximate composition of the longissimus dorsi. However, the differences in gene expression suggest the need for new investigations and care when using this product for animal feeding. Key words: Castor bean, goat, muscle tissue ResumoVinte e cinco cabras adultas mestiças, divididas em dois grupos, foram alimentadas por um período de 16 meses com dietas a base de feno de tifton e concentrado sem (SFMD) e com farelo de mamona destoxificado (FMD) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Aos 480 dias, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem de lactato desidrogenase, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, uréia, albumina e creatinina. Em seguida, os animais foram sacrificados e foi realizada a pesagem dos componentes anatômicos (pulmões, coração, baço, fígado, rins, língua, estomago vazio, intestino vazio, omento, tecido adiposo cardíaco e renal), da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais (paleta, pernil, lombo, costelas e pescoço). Posteriormente, foi realizada a dissecção anatômica do lombo, separando tecidos muscular, adiposo e ósseo. Na porção muscular do lombo, Longissimus dorsii, foram analisadas a composição centesimal, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a expressão dos genes SEW-1, IGF-I e IGF-II. Verificou-se uma incidência superior de tecido ósseo na dissecção anatômica do lombo e uma incidência inferior de gordura na composição centesimal do Longissimus dorsii do grupo FMD em relação ao grupo SFMD (p < 0,05). A expressão do gene IGF-II resultou superior (p < 0,001) no tecido muscular dos animais FMD, bem como para o gene SEW-1 (p < 0,001). Diante do exposto, podemos concluir que a utilização do fare...
ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do bagaço de caju (BC) e raspa de mandioca (RM) na alimentação sobre a produção de embriões in vivo e expressão de diferentes genes em cabras. Três dietas foram oferecidas a 28 cabras em quantidade para satisfazer 1,5 vezes as exigências de manutenção. A dieta controle foi composta por feno de tifton e concentrado (milho 80%, farelo de soja 15%, minerais 5%). Nos tratamentos, o farelo de soja foi substituído parcialmente pelo bagaço de caju ou raspa de mandioca no concentrado. Após o tratamento de superovulação, os embriões foram recuperados e classificados de acordo com as normas da IETS. A expressão relativa de RNAm para IGF-IR, IGF-II, GLUT-I and HSP-70.1 em embriões caprinos foi determinada pela RT-PCR semi-quantitativa. Não houve diferença entre dietas (p>0,05) na taxa de ovulação, resposta superovulatória, recuperação embrionária e taxa de fertilidade. O número de embriões não diferiu entre as dietas (p>0,05), porém no grupo BC e RM houve um incremento de mórulas (p<0,05). A expressão gênica diferiu apenas para o gene HSP 70.1 no grupo RM, não havendo diferenças na expressão dos genes IGF-IR, IGF-II e GLUT-I (p>0,05). A utilização do BC e da RM foram eficientes na produção de embriões in vivo e apenas a raspa de mandioca afetou a expressão do gene HSP 70.1, relacionado com o estresse embrionário.Palavras-chave: embrião, caprino, ovulação, produção in vivo de embriões. AbstractThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the cashew bagasse (BC) and cassava scrapes (RM) on embryos in vivo production and gene expression in goats. Three diets were offered to 28 goats in amount to satisfy 1.5 times the maintenance requirements. The control diet was composed by tifton grass hay and concentrate (80% corn, 15% soybean meal, 5% minerals). In the treatments, soybean meal was partially replaced by cashew bagasse or cassava root scrapings in the concentrate. After superovulation treatment, the embryos were recovered and classified according to IETS statements. The relative mRNA expression for IGF-IR, IGF-II, GLUT-I and HSP-70.1 in goat embryos were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Diets did not affect (p>0.05) the ovulation rate, superovulation response, embryo recovery and fertility rate. The number of viable embryos was similar (p>0.05). Diets with BC and RM showed an increment of morulae stage (p<0.05). Gene expression differed for HSP 70.1 gene in RM group, whereas no difference was detected for IGF-IR, IGF-II and GLUT-I expression (p>0.05). The use of the BC and the RM were efficient in the production of in vivo embryos and only cassava scrapes affected the expression of the gene related to embryo stress.
The use of alternative protein sources that do not impair animal performance is a feasible option to reduce costs associated with animal supplementation. Previous studies indicate that castor cake has a high protein value and good ruminal degradability, making it an attractive alternative dietary source for ruminants. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects from ingestion of castor cake (treatment CC) or detoxified castor cake (treatment DCC) on serum IgG levels, in vivo production of goat embryos, and the expression profile of genes related to embryonic development, metabolism, and oxidative stress. The results showed the presence of IgG against ricin only in animals of the CC group. The ovulation rate and the production of transferable embryos in animals of the CC group were lower (P < 0.05) than in the animals fed without castor cake (WCC), but neither group differed significantly from the DCC group. There was no effect of type of diet on the expression of the IGF-IR, IGF-II, and GLUT-1 genes in goat embryos produced in vivo. However, the relative expression of mRNA for the HSP 70.1 gene was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the CC group than in the WCC group, but did not differ from that of the DCC group. In conclusion, this study showed that supplementation with detoxified castor cake can be used for goat feeding, but caution is necessary when providing castor bean meal in the feed of superovulated breeding females, because ricin in the diet, even at low concentrations, altered IgG levels and the expression of mRNA for HSP 70.1, effects that were accompanied by a lower rate of transferable embryos.
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