The world's energy production is generated mainly from fossil fuels, so it is important to develop fuels from renewable sources. Growing caution with the environmental impact imposes restrictions on emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. With increasing human population and expanding economies in both developing and developed countries, there is an increase in energy consumption and production. The need arises to supply this high energy production with a renewable and reliable source fuel [1]. These facts have stimulated research by alternative sources for the development of renewable fuels. One of the most promising fuels is biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum diesel from high-quality renewable sources, which allows the replacement of fossil diesel oil without modifications to the vehicle's engine [2, 3]. In recent years, methyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil have gained considerable attention as alternative fuel [4, 5].
This objective of this study was to produce organoclay, analyze it, and evaluate its use in the process of removing oil emulsion from an oil–water system. The organoclay was prepared by the direct method and was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Infrared Spectroscopy (IV). A finite bath system was used to evaluate the effects on the removal capacity, using a stirring speed (A) of between 100 and 300 rpm and an initial concentration of oil-water solution (C0) evaluated in the range of 100 to 500 mg/L. The XRD and infrared results indicated that CTAC was intercalated between the layers of Bofe clay. The percentage of oil removal from oil-in-water emulsions was between 55.99 and 96.62%. These results indicate that OC can potentially remove up to 97% oil from oil-in-water emulsions. Consequently, the OC could be considered an excellent medium for treating oily water.
O interesse em processos de separação por membranas ganham cada vez mais destaque em aplicações industriais. As membranas zeolíticas apresentam características únicas que as tornam atraentes para aplicação em processos de separação, a estabilidade mecânica, térmica e química superior a alguns materiais, tornam as membranas zeolíticas foco de intensa pesquisa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo preparar as membranas inorgânicas do tipo gama-alumina e zeolítica (MOR/gama-alumina). A membrana inorgânica do tipo gama-alumina foi sintetizada a partir da decomposição do sulfato de alumínio, moagem, compactação e conformação e a membrana zeolítica foi preparada pelo método de transporte em fase vapor, que consiste na deposição da mistura reacional da zeólita Mordenita sobre a membrana inorgânica (gama-alumina), seguido do crescimento de cristais sob condições hidrotérmicas. Foram realizadas análises por Difração de raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Termogravimetria (TG)/análise térmica diferencial (DTA) para o precursor da membrana inorgânica gama-alumina. A obtenção das membranas inorgânicas gama-alumina e zeolítica (MOR/gama-alumina) puderam ser confirmadas pelos difratogramas e por imagens obtidas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. A partir das imagens obtidas por MEV a membrana zeolítica mostra-se de forma compacta sem apresentar fissuras na superfície.
The present study describes the preparation of catalyst MoO3 supported on smectite clay by the solution impregnation method and its evaluation as a heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel from soybean oil. The individual effects of catalyst (hard green clay and MoO3/hard green clay) on kinematic viscosity of produced biodiesel and conversion were investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption. Conditions of soybean oil transesterification were: 5% catalyst by weight, 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, at 200 oC for 60 minutes. Patterns of X-ray diffraction showed the characteristic peaks of the structure of smectite. The results of X-ray diffraction suggests that MoO3 species exist as highly dispersed surface species. Molybdenum metal identified as effective catalysts for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol. A preliminary design assessment show that this catalysts (MoO3/HGC) is sufficiently active achieving conversion in excess of 62,07% at temperature below 200 oC.
The catalytic cracking of sunflower oil over vermiculite clay was studied in a thermal analysis system, the process being accompanied by thermogravimetry. The vermiculite was chemically modified by acid leaching and characterized by techniques of XRD, FTIR, SEM and TG. The catalytic test was performed in a thermal analysis system with heating up to 900 °C, with proportion oil/clay = 100. The results of thermogravimetry showed that in the presence of the catalyst, the thermograms present a single mass loss. The test was also performed with the molecular sieve Al-MCM-41 with proportion Si/Al = 25 and 75, with similar results to those presented by vermiculite.
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