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The present research was carried out aiming to assess the hematological response of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis submitted to treatment. For this, seven animals naturally infected by Leishmania sp. were submitted to a treatment with 75 mg/kg meglumine antimoniate subcutaneously, 12-12h / 3 weeks. In all animals, a complete blood count and bone marrow aspiration biopsy were carried out for a descriptive evaluation at up to seven moments: before the treatment, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the start of the treatment. Before the beginning of the experiment hematological alterations were observed in four of the seven dogs (57.1%), among them, nonregenerative anemia, lymphopenia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis. During the course of the experiment the occurrence of leukocytoses, such as left shift neutrophilia and eosinophilia, were observed in some of the animals. Before the beginning of the treatment (M1), the occurrence of erythrocytic hypoplasia was detected by bone marrow cytology in two of the dogs (28.6%). This was reversed through an increase in the amount of erythroid progenitor cells after the administration of meglumine antimoniate. Thus, it can be concluded that the treatment led to normalization of the hematological alterations and recovery of the bone marrow.

Com objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do tratamento, verificar a ocorrência de possíveis recidivas da doença e pesquisar a presença de parasitas após a realização do tratamento, foram utilizados sete cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania sp., submetidos a tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina e alopurinol. Para tanto, foram realizadas punções biópsias aspirativas de linfonodos e de medula óssea em sete momentos. Após o término dos seis meses de observação, todos os cães foram submetidos à eutanásia e realizados "imprints" e cultivo in vitro do baço e fígado para a pesquisa de formas amastigotas. Todos os animais apresentaram remissão dos sintomas e durante todo o período de observação nenhum cão apresentou recidiva da doença apesar de ter sido observada a presença de formas amastigotas do parasita em dois animais, ao término do experimento. Desta forma, foi possível concluir que o tratamento promove a cura clínica, entretanto não elimina completamente os parasitas.