Twin premixed turbulent opposed jet flames were stabilized for lean mixtures of air with methane and propane in fractal grid generated turbulence. A density segregation method was applied alongside particle image velocimetry to obtain velocity and scalar statistics. It is shown that the current fractal grids increase the turbulence levels by around a factor of 2. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to show that the fractal grids produce slightly larger turbulent structures that decay at a slower rate as compared to conventional perforated plates. Conditional POD (CPOD) was also implemented using the density segregation technique and the results show that CPOD is essential to segregate the relative structures and turbulent kinetic energy distributions in each stream. The Kolmogorov length scales were also estimated providing values ∼0.1 and ∼0.5 mm in the reactants and products, respectively. Resolved profiles of flame surface density indicate that a thin flame assumption leading to bimodal statistics is not perfectly valid under the current conditions and it is expected that the data obtained will be of significant value to the development of computational methods that can provide information on the conditional structure of turbulence. It is concluded that the increase in the turbulent Reynolds number is without any negative impact on other parameters and that fractal grids provide a route towards removing the classical problem of a relatively low ratio of turbulent to bulk strain associated with the opposed jet configuration.

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The current study quantifies the probability of encountering up to five fluid states (reactants, combustion products, mixing fluid, fluids with low and high reactivity) in premixed turbulent DME flames as a function of the Damköhler number. The flames were aerodynamically stabilised in a back-to-burnt opposed jet configuration featuring fractal grid generated multi-scale turbulence (Re≃ 18,400 and Ret > 370). The chemical timescale was varied via the mixture stoichiometry resulting in a wide range of Damköhler numbers (0.08 ≤  Da  ≤ 5.6). The mean turbulent strain (≥ 3200 s−1) exceeded the extinction strain rate of the corresponding laminar flames for all mixtures. Simultaneous Mie scattering, OH-PLIF and PIV were used to identify the fluid states and supporting computations show that the thermochemical state (e.g. OH and CH concentrations) at the twin flame extinction point correlates well with flames in the back-to-burnt geometry at the corresponding rate of heat release. For mixtures where the bulk strain (≃ 750 s−1) was similar to (or less than) the extinction strain rate, fluids with low and high reactivity could accordingly be segregated by a threshold based on the OH concentration at the extinction point. A sensitivity analysis of the distribution between the fluid states was performed. The flow conditions were further analysed in terms of Damköhler and Karlovitz numbers. The study provides (i) the evolution of multi-fluid probability statistics as a function of the Damköhler number, including (ii) the flow direction across fluid interfaces and OH gradients, (iii) mean flow field statistics, (iv) conditional velocity statistics and (v) a tentative combustion regime classification

A multi-fluid state approach is used to analyse the underlying conditions for burning mode transitions from close to the corrugated flamelet regime to distributed reactions. Turbulent (Re t 380) premixed DME/air flames were aerodynamically stabilised in a back-to-burnt opposed jet configuration with the Damköhler number varied through the mixture stoichiometry. Simultaneous Mie scattering, OH-PLIF and PIV allowed the delineation of five separate fluid states (reactants, combustion products, mixing fluid, mildly and strongly reacting fluids) with associated material surfaces. The analysis shows self-sustained flames in low strain regions with a collocated flow acceleration for higher Damköhler numbers. By contrast, in highly strained regions (e.g. beyond the twin flame extinction point) the burning mode is governed by the counter-flowing hot combustion products resulting in increased levels of vorticity and an absence of a preferential dilatation direction. The current analysis provides novel insights into combustion regime transitions by means of (i) strain rate statistics conditioned upon material surfaces and (ii) the evolution of fluid state interface probabilities as a function of the Damköhler number. The work further shows (iii) that the combustion mode influences scalar transport and that increased levels of turbulence retards the transition to non-gradient transport.

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The current study quantifies the impact of equivalence ratio and rate of strain on the spatial distribution of major species and soot precursors in premixed turbulent ethylene flames crossing the soot inception limit. A back-to-burnt (BTB) opposed jet configuration is used to provide accurate control of the turbulent and chemical timescales. The upper nozzle features fractal grid generated turbulence and premixed ethylene/air mixtures with flames stabilised against well-defined hot combustion products emerging from the lower nozzle. The study combines simultaneous PAH/CH 2 O-PLIF and elastic light scattering (ELS) with probe sampling. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) were used to quantify concentrations of major species and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The laser based diagnostics show that the rate of strain exerts a dominant impact on the growth of soot particles with low turbulent Reynolds numbers (50 ≤ Re t ≤ 94) used to promote soot formation. The probe measurements indicate that acetylene, 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), m/z = 154, m/z = 276 and benzo(a)pyrene correlate with soot formation and that the equivalence ratio is the controlling PAH growth parameter. It is further shown that the spatial extent of the PAH containing reaction zone exceeds three integral length scales.

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