Various EID preparedness capabilities were in place owing to Singapore's previous experiences with EIDs (eg, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah, and Zika). The Ministry of Health routinely assesses risk of EIDs and proactively communicates information to all medical practitioners about disease epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, notification guidelines, and referral platforms. In 2018, in response to the Nigerian monkeypox outbreak, the Ministry of Health had alerted medical practitioners, a factor which contributed to awareness and early diagnosis. To enable EID management within a single centre, the National Centre for Infectious Diseases was purpose built as a 330-bed facility with onsite capabilities including the National Public Health Laboratory, which develops certified testing protocols for EIDs. This laboratory enables rapid diagnostic confirmation and provision of appropriate patient management. Additionally, frequent simulations test the national infectious disease preparedness framework to ensure readiness and competency.This case reinforces the need for constant global disease monitoring, preparedness training including regular simulations, and capacity building of health-care systems as important measures that could be adopted, especially in other areas at high risk of disease importation.OTN and VL contributed equally. We declare no competing interests.
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BackgroundData transparency has played a key role in this pandemic. The aim of this paper is to map COVID-19 data availability and accessibility, and to rate their transparency and credibility in selected countries, by the source of information. This is used to identify knowledge gaps, and to analyse policy implications.MethodsThe availability of a number of COVID-19 metrics (incidence, mortality, number of people tested, test positive rate, number of patients hospitalised, number of patients discharged, the proportion of population who received at least one vaccine, the proportion of population fully vaccinated) was ascertained from selected countries for the full population, and for few of stratification variables (age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status) and subgroups (residents in nursing homes, inmates, students, healthcare and social workers, and residents in refugee camps).ResultsNine countries were included: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Turkey, Panama, Greece, the UK, and the Netherlands. All countries reported periodically most of COVID-19 metrics on the total population. Data were more frequently broken down by age, sex, and region than by ethnic group or socio-economic status. Data on COVID-19 is partially available for special groups.ConclusionsThis exercise highlighted the importance of a transparent and detailed reporting of COVID-19 related variables. The more data is publicly available the more transparency, accountability, and democratisation of the research process is enabled, allowing a sound evidence-based analysis of the consequences of health policies.FundingThis study was conducted as part of the Summer School “Sustainable Health: designing a new, better normal after COVID-19”. It is a researchers/student collaboration.
Data transparency has played a key role in this pandemic. The aim of this paper is to map COVID-19 data availability and accessibility, and to rate their transparency and credibility in selected countries, by the source of information. This is used to identify knowledge gaps, and to analyse policy implications. The availability of a number of COVID-19 metrics (incidence, mortality, number of people tested, test positive rate, number of patients hospitalised, number of patients discharged, the proportion of population who received at least one vaccine, the proportion of population fully vaccinated) was ascertained from selected countries for the full population, and for few of stratification variables (age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status) and subgroups (residents in nursing homes, inmates, students, healthcare and social workers, and residents in refugee camps). Nine countries were included: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Turkey, Panama, Greece, the UK, and the Netherlands. All countries reported periodically most of COVID-19 metrics on the total population. Data were more frequently broken down by age, sex, and region than by ethnic group or socio-economic status. Data on COVID-19 is partially available for special groups. This exercise highlighted the importance of a transparent and detailed reporting of COVID-19 related variables. The more data is publicly available the more transparency, accountability, and democratisation of the research process is enabled, allowing a sound evidence-based analysis of the consequences of health policies.
Enteric fever remains a major public health problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. Improvement in the health facility, vaccination, and health-related awareness program the incidence of enteric fever among children is not decreased. The study aimed to find out the risk factors for enteric fever in hospitalized children in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to identify the risk factors in children residing in Dhaka city. We enrolled 50 enteric fever cases as a case group and 50 age-matched febrile patients as a control group. Result: Out of 50 cases, 2 patients were below one year and most of them were pre-school aged 26(52%). Univariate analysis showed that enteric fever is more who take food with the help of the mother and caregiver (OR=7.1); 95% CI= 26.7 -61.3) and never or rarely wash hands before preparing food and before feeding (OR= 5.7; 95% CI= 23.2 -52.8). Cases were eating outdoors at the mobile food vendors and consuming ice-cream regularly (OR=2.28; 95% CI=1- 39) whereas the control group also took street food but less frequently. Conclusion: Enteric fever is an exclusive food and water-borne systemic disease and one of the major public health problems in Bangladesh. Not only overcrowding, unsafe drinking water are the common risk factors but also hand washing both children and caregiver, poor food habit is the important risk factors. So, health education to children and food handlers may reduce the incidence of enteric fever in children.
Enteric fever remains a major public health problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. Improvement in the health facility, vaccination, and health-related awareness program the incidence of enteric fever among children is not decreased. The study aimed to find out the risk factors for enteric fever in hospitalized children in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to identify the risk factors in children residing in Dhaka city. We enrolled 50 enteric fever cases as a case group and 50 age-matched febrile patients as a control group. Result: Out of 50 cases, 2 patients were below one year and most of them were pre-school aged 26(52%). Univariate analysis showed that enteric fever is more who take food with the help of the mother and caregiver (OR=7.1); 95% CI= 26.7 -61.3) and never or rarely wash hands before preparing food and before feeding (OR= 5.7; 95% CI= 23.2 -52.8). Cases were eating outdoors at the mobile food vendors and consuming ice-cream regularly (OR=2.28; 95% CI=1- 39) whereas the control group also took street food but less frequently. Conclusion: Enteric fever is an exclusive food and water-borne systemic disease and one of the major public health problems in Bangladesh. Not only overcrowding, unsafe drinking water are the common risk factors but also hand washing both children and caregiver, poor food habit is the important risk factors. So, health education to children and food handlers may reduce the incidence of enteric fever in children.
Abstract: Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease characterized by benign hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous pigmentation in the digestive tract. It occurs mostly in the small intestine during first decade of life but frequently in the colon and stomach. Only a few cases have been reported in the duodenum1. Polyposis syndromes are common cause of adult intussusceptions, with polyps acting as lead points. Adult intussusceptions are rare and is almost always associated with that lead point2. Although hamartomatous polyps are not pre-malignant, there is an increased risk of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly involving the small bowel. Most patients of PJS presents with acute abdomen and diagnosed as intussusceptions, commonly entero-enteric type but colo-colic intussusceptions are rare in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome3. To the best of our knowledge, synchronous colo-colic intussusception association in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome has not been previously reported.
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