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Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer among HPV positive women. The results of our study are consistent with the few previously conducted studies of smoking and cervical cancer that have adequately controlled for HPV infection. Recent increasing trends of smoking among young women could have a serious impact on cervical cancer incidence in the coming years.

About half of the penile tumours were associated with HPV 16-18 with little presence of other genotypes. Research on the mechanisms behind penile carcinogenesis is warranted. Available HPV vaccines are likely to be effective in penile tumours.

HSV-2 infection may act in conjunction with HPV infection to increase the risk of invasive cervical carcinoma.

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The study confirms a low overall HPV prevalence in a largely monogamous population. The protection observed with condom use needs further evaluation.