Seed viability testing in seed processing is carried out to forecast germination levels. The test is destructive and involves removing the embryo from the kernel for visual inspection.
Contemporary oil palm cultivars have a thick, oil-bearing mesocarp and thin-shelled fruits, that is, a Tenera phenotype, and this is controlled genetically by the shell thickness gene, Sh. The Tenera genotype is heterozygous (Sh/sh) and is produced by crossing a thick-shelled female Dura (Sh/Sh) with a no-shell male Pisifera (sh/sh). Commercial production of Teneras needs to be controlled rigorously. Crossing is carried out as described above, but additional measures are taken to ensure purity of the product; these are described below. Dura palms are used as mother palms, and the Pisiferas are used as father (pollen) palms. Pollen from selected commercial father palms is collected on a routine basis and stored ready for use. The crossing process is the same as that described above but may include more rigorous procedures to ensure quality of the commercially produced seed; for example, high pollen viability and legitimacy testing. The seed production programme requires selected Duras and Pisiferas. The Dura selection is based on progeny performance by D × P progeny trials (Forster et al., 2017). The Pisifera selection is based on individual Pisiferas through Pisifera testing trials. Most oil palm seed producers in the world use Deli Duras as mother palms, since they guarantee offspring with superior bunch and fruit characteristics. There are some research stations in Africa that do not use Deli Dura lines as female parents, because the major objectives are to obtain Fusarium oxysporum wilt resistance and drought tolerance.
Penyedap rasa pada umumnya banyak menggunakan bahan bahan kimia, sehingga berdampak kurang baik bagi kesehatan dikarenakan mengandung garam natrium yang tinggi dari asam glutamat. Kandungan garam natrium yang sangat tinggi, dapat bersifat karsinogenik dalam tubuh dan konsentrasi garam dalam darah akan meningkat. Bahan alami dari tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penyedap rasa diantaranya berbagai jenis jamur, dikarenakan memiliki kandungan protein yang cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini Untuk mengetahui Kualitas
In the years 2013 to 20014, revealed there were 72 cases of hoarding subsidized fuel in Pekanbaru. In a number of very pantastis to measure the extent of the area of Pekanbaru. At least there are several indications supporting the presence of the phenomenon of hoarding subsidized fuel in Pekanbaru include: factors opportunities, linking between the demand by business operators on the one hand, easy to obtain fuel at the pump through unscrupulous employees with mode-specific mode on the other hand, as well as the role of local police officers as security at a time furnisher. The next factor is the lack of oversight by the government and authorities in the field and lack of legal sanctions in providing a deterrent effect for offenders caught.
Pollen viability is essential for success in pollination. Fresh pollen shed from flowering male inflorescences has the highest viability, and it is this which is harvested and stored (Ekaratne and Senathirajah, 1983). Viability tests are carried out prior to processing pollen to ensure the harvested pollen has high viability, and again after storage to monitor viability decline with time in storage. Viability testing provides information on pollen quality and when resampling is required. It also determines the ratio of pollen:talc to be used to maximize pollination success with minimal impact on pollen stores. There are many methods that test pollen viability; the standard one described here is based on pollen germination, it is simple and inexpensive. Pollen with high viability is vital in promoting high seed set and acceptable seed numbers for oil palm breeding and commercial seed production, and various techniques have been developed to test for pollen viability (Nasution et al., 2009). Here, we provide a simple method using pollen culture and a light microscope.
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