Basal breast carcinomas triple negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and Her2/neu breast carcinomas are more aggressive than conventional neoplasms. We studied 64 cases with immunohistochemistry, using 23 antibodies, to characterize diverse pathological pathways. A basal cytokeratin was identified in 81% of tumors and vimentin was identified in 55%. The mean Ki67 index was 46% (range, 10-90%). Coincident expression of p50 and p65, which suggests an active nuclear factor-jB factor, was present in 13% of neoplasms. Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) or c-kit (CD117) was identified in 77% of tumors. Loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase was found in 14%, whereas Akt activation was present in 28%. Several differences were identified between two subtypes of basal breast carcinomas: the pure variant (negative S-100 and actin) was more frequently associated with 'in situ carcinoma' (P ¼ 0.019) and pBad overexpression (P ¼ 0.098), whereas the myoepithelial variant (positive S-100 or actin) showed more frequent tumor necrosis (P ¼ 0.048), vimentin expression (P ¼ 0.0001), CD117 expression (P ¼ 0.001) and activated caspase-3 (P ¼ 0.089). IGF-IR could be as important as EGFR for the growth of these neoplasms. Basal cell carcinoma has at least two subtypes with distinct microscopic and immunohistochemical features.

Background The first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate TAK-264 (formerly MLN0264) consists of an antibody targeting guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a peptide linker. This phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of TAK-264 in patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction expressing GCC, who had progressed on ≥1 line of prior therapy. Methods This study used a two-stage design, with an interim analysis conducted after stage I to determine whether to continue to stage II or discontinue on the grounds of futility. Adult patients with gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma expressing low, intermediate, or high GCC levels received TAK-264 1.8 mg/kg as a 30-min intravenous infusion once every 21 days, for up to 1 year. The primary endpoint was objective response rate. Radiographic assessments of tumor burden were performed every 2 cycles (6 weeks). Results A total of 38 patients participated in the study. Patients received a median of 2 (range 1-14) cycles; 8 (21%) received at least 6 cycles. The most common adverse events were nausea (53%), fatigue (32%), and decreased appetite (29%). Grade ≥3 events including anemia, diarrhea, and neutropenia were seen in 14 (37%) patients. Systemic exposure to TAK-264 was maintained throughout each treatment cycle. Two patients (6%) with intermediate GCC expression had objective responses. Conclusions TAK-264 demonstrated a manageable safety profile in this patient population. The stage I interim analysis did not support continuation to stage II of the study.

The attitude of elementary and high school students, towards the teaching and learning of science from the Province of Llanquihue, Los Lagos Region-Chile A atitude frente ao ensino e à aprendizagem da ciência de alunos da educação primaria e media da Província de Llanquihue, Região de Los Lagos-Chile Universidad de Los Lagos, Campus Puerto Montt. Chinquihue Km. 6, Puerto Montt. 65-322522 vhernand@ulagos.cl. Verónica Hernández Rosas. Proyecto FONDEF D05I10190 ResumenEsta investigación caracteriza la actitud de los alumnos respecto a la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la ciencia en distintos tipos de establecimientos educacionales. Se entiende la actitud desde cinco dimensiones, todas éstas vinculadas construyen la actitud escolar. Entre los hallazgos encontrados la piedra de tope siguen siendo las didácticas utilizadas en el aula, las cuales desmotivan a los alumnos y los alejan del quehacer científico. Es importante considerar la actitud positiva de los alumnos en cuanto a utilizar el entorno natural como elemento didáctico, creando esto una nueva demanda respecto a la innovación didáctica en el aula y fuera de ella; además de resignificar el entorno, esto permite establecer un vínculo directo con las metodologías constructivistas, teoría de base de la educación en nuestro país.Palabras clave: actitud, enseñanza de la ciencia, didáctica, entorno natural. AbstRActThe following research characterizes the students' attitude towards the teaching and learning of science in different educational establishments (private, subsidized and public). The attitude is understood from five dimensions and these linked together build up the students' attitude. Among the findings, the teacher's didactics used in the classroom continues being the main problem that discourages and moves the students away from science. It is important to consider the students' positive attitude regarding the use of the natural environment as a didactic resource. This creates a new need regarding the didactic innovation inside and outside the classroom. Moreover, it gives a new significance to the environment, which allows establishing a direct connection to the constructivist methodologies, the fundamental theory of the educational system in our country. ResumoEsta investigação caracteriza a atitude dos alunos com respeito ao ensino e à aprendizagem da ciência em diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos educacionais. Entende-se a atitude desde cinco dimensões, todas estas vinculadas, constroem a atitude escolar. Entre os achados encontrados, a pedra de topo segue sendo as didáticas utilizadas na sala de aula, as quais desmotivam aos alunos e os afastam das tarefas científicas. É importante considerar a atitude positiva dos alunos em quanto a utilizar o meio natural como elemento didático, criando isto uma nova demanda com respeito à inovação didática dentro e fora da sala de aula. Além de dar um significado novo ao meio, isto permite estabelecer um vínculo direto com as metodologias construtivistas, que são a teoria de base da educação em nosso país.Palavras-c...

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We should consider some factors like the natural history, clinical presentation (hemorrhage), angiographic features (deep arterial supply, aneurisms), Spetzler and Martin Grading and the clinical condition of the patient before treating a cerebral AVM. In the subgroup of treatment with embolization plus surgery, we recommend to achieve a subtotal preoperative embolization > 50%, not to obliterate more than 50% in one session, to perform staged embolization waiting from 4 to 6 weeks between procedures, and from 1 to 3 weeks between the last embolization and surgery.