The duration of infection and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types of bovine intramammary Streptococcus uberis isolates were examined. Milk samples were collected in duplicate from all 4 glands of 503 cows from 5 herds within 1 to 3 d of parturition and from 113 cows with clinical mastitis in the same herds throughout lactation. Glands from which S. uberis was isolated were resampled at 28-d intervals.The prevalence of S. uberis was 12% for cows around parturition, and the median duration of infection was 16 d. Cows >2 yr old had a longer duration of infection than 2 yr old cows, and duration varied among herds. A total of 173 different PFGE types were identified from a total of 234 S. uberis isolates. Each farm had a unique set of PFGE types. Only 3 PFGE types were common to each of 3 pairs of cows, and these occurred on the same farm. Where S. uberis was isolated on more than one occasion from a gland, only 55% of the PFGE types were the same across time. For cows with multiple glands infected, only one-half (9 of 18) had the same PFGE type in more than one gland. No predominant PFGE type was identified in any herd. It is concluded that there was wide heterogeneity of PFGE types, that the environment rather than other cows was the likely source of S. uberis infections, and that glands may be infected with multiple S. uberis PFGE types over a lactation.

This study investigated the effect in heifers of infusion of a bismuth subnitrate teat-canal sealant and bacterial intramammary infection (IMI) precalving on prevalence of postcalving IMI and incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 2 wk postcalving. Glands (n = 1,020) from heifers (n = 255) in 5 seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herds were randomly assigned within heifer to 1 of 4 treatment groups (no treatment; mammary gland secretion collection; infusion of a teat sealant; or sample collection with infusion of teat sealant). Heifers within a herd were enrolled on one calendar day, 31 d on average before the planned start of the seasonal calving period. Duplicate milk samples were collected from each gland within 4 d after calving for bacterial culture. Herd owners collected duplicate milk samples, before treatment, for bacterial culture from glands they defined as having clinical mastitis. The gland prevalence of IMI precalving was 15.5% and did not differ between herds. Bacteria isolated precalving included coagulase-negative staphylococci (76.9% of all bacteriologically positive samples), Streptococcus uberis (14.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%), Corynebacterium spp. (3.8%), and others (0.1%). The presence of an IMI precalving increased the risk of an IMI postcalving 3.6-fold and the risk of clinical mastitis 4-fold, relative to no IMI precalving. Infusion of the teat sealant reduced the risk of postcalving IMI due to Strep. uberis by 84%, and of clinical mastitis by 68%. Sampling the glands precalving had no effect on postcalving IMI or on clinical mastitis incidence. Use of an internal teat canal sealant in heifers precalving may be a useful tool for reducing the risk of subclinical and clinical mastitis in heifers.

This study investigated the effect of infusion of a bismuth subnitrate teat canal sealant or an injectable antibiotic, or both, in heifers on the cure of existing intramammary infection (IMI), incidence of new IMI, prevalence of postcalving IMI, and incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 2 wk postcalving at the quarter level. Heifers (n = 1,067) in 30 seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herds were randomly assigned at the heifer level to 1 of 4 treatments (no treatment; 3 intramuscular injections of 5 g of tylosin antibiotic at 24-h intervals; infusion of a teat sealant into all 4 quarters; 3 intramuscular injections of 5 g of tylosin antibiotic and infusion of teat sealant into all 4 quarters). Mammary gland secretion samples were collected from each quarter of every heifer before treatment. Heifers within a herd were enrolled on one calendar day, 27 d (on average) before the planned start of the seasonal calving period. Duplicate milk samples were collected from each gland within 5 d after calving for bacterial culture and from glands the herdowners diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The relative risk of effect of treatment on the incidence of cure, incidence of new IMI, prevalence of postcalving IMI, and incidence of clinical mastitis were calculated at the gland level using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Neither infusion of a teat sealant nor treatment with the injectable antibiotic increased the cure of precalving IMI. Infusion of the teat sealant reduced the risk of new IMI with any pathogen by 74%, reduced the prevalence of postcalving IMI by 65%, reduced the risk of new infection with Streptococcus uberis by 70% in quarters with an IMI precalving, and reduced the incidence of clinical mastitis from which a pathogen was isolated by 70% in quarters with an IMI precalving. Parenteral antibiotic treatment had no effect on any of these outcomes. In conclusion, use of an internal teat-canal sealant in heifers reduced the postcalving IMI prevalence and the incidence of pathogen-associated clinical mastitis postcalving by decreasing the incidence of new infections over this high-risk peripartum period, and may be a useful tool for reducing the risk of mastitis in heifers.

The risk of clinical mastitis in heifers was significantly associated with management practices. It may be possible to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis in heifers by modification of management practices at the herd level, and further studies are required to investigate this.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of feeding the ionophore lasalocid on the productivity and health of seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy cows. Dairy cows (n = 1020) from 4 herds were enrolled in a split-herd, prospective intervention study. Cows were blocked by breed and age, ranked on previous production, and then assigned to 2 treatment groups. Treatment cows were each exposed to 300 to 350 mg of lasalocid/d commencing 3 wk before and ending 18 wk after the start of the seasonal calving period. Milk production was determined on 3 occasions for each cow at approximately monthly intervals (herd tests 1 to 3), body condition score was determined fortnightly, and all disease occurrences were recorded. Lasalocid treatment increased milk volume milk protein and milk fat production by ∼2%, without altering milk composition. Fewer lasalocid-treated cows than control cows (7.3 vs. 11.6%, respectively) were diagnosed with clinical mastitis. Lasalocid treatment of pasture-fed dairy cows resulted in reduced mastitis incidence and increased milk production without changes in body condition or negative effects on metabolic processes as monitored by metabolite concentrations.

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