Nine seedlots of the widely planted southern and central European native tree species Acer pseudoplatanus L. were collected along a north-south gradient spanning 21 • of latitude in Europe. We investigated how the heat sum during seed development influences seed maturity as assessed by physical, physiological and biochemical traits. Using principal component analysis we found predictable and consistent patterns in all traits, which correlated with heat sum. For example, compared with fruits from their native range (Italy and France, heat sum >3000 • C d), fruits from the coldest location (Scotland; heat sum of 1873 • C d) were shorter (c. 30 v. 42 mm), germinated over a narrower temperature range (5-20 v. 5-35 • C) and had smaller embryos (28 v. >70 mg) with a higher water content (c. 63 v. 48%), less negative solute potentials (c. −2.4 v. −4.1 MPa) and were more desiccation sensitive (critical water potential of −20.2 v. −55.4 to −60.7 MPa). The observed level of desiccation-tolerance for the French and Italian seedlots is more consistent with the intermediate category than the previous classification of A. pseudoplatanus as recalcitrant. Our results demonstrate that a lower heat sum causes fruits from northern Europe to be dispersed before maximum potential seed quality is achieved.
Pollen gene flow is not impeded in the fragmented agricultural landscape investigated. High pollen immigration and extensive pollen dispersal distances are probably counteracting the potential loss of genetic variation caused by isolation. Some evidence was also found that U. minor and U. pumila can hybridize when in sympatry. Although hybridization might have beneficial effects on both species, remnant U. minor populations represent a valuable source of genetic diversity that needs to be preserved.
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