In recent years a number of studies of personality have been performed in subjects with Eating Disorders (EDs) to investigate the clinical differences between controls and ED patients and among EDs subtypes, and its role in the development and course of symptoms. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) have been widely used at this purpose, allowing the description of specific temperament and character profiles for EDs. High Harm Avoidance (HA) and low Self-Directedness (SD) are shared by all EDs. Slight differences on some facets have been found among ED subgroups. Nevertheless, HA is influenced by mood and both high HA and low SD are personality traits shared by many mental disorders, whose specificity is rather low. Restrictor anorectics are characterized by high Persistence (P) and a relatively higher SD, and bulimics by higher Novelty Seeking (NS) and the lowest SD, while binge/purging and purging anorectics share some traits with anorexia and some with bulimia. Though current data justify the discrimination among anorexia subtypes, they are not in contrast with the thesis of a continuum in ED personality traits. Since some personality traits display a prognostic value with regard to therapy and clinical outcome, further studies are needed on treatments and prognostic factors in EDs. Moreover, studies attempting to define the neurobiological and genetic correlates of temperament should be supported by clinical pharmacological trials.

The HRQoL effectively captured patients' improvement at discharge. Given its correlations with clinical variables, this instrument may be useful in clinical practice.

Most of Bellini’s carcinoma are already metastatic at presentation. Analyzing literature, it is never documented a cutaneous metastasis as first sign at clinical presentation. In this context, radical nephrectomy, differently from others subtypes of advanced renal cell carcinoma, does not seem to improve survival of the patient but rather, it can keep a role in palliation or in the context of new chemotherapeutic protocols.

In their complex, data suggest and in-deep study aimed to a possible re-classification of EDs which would take impulsiveness in greater consideration. The differences in temperament and character traits may partially be responsible of the repression or discontrol of impulsive eating behaviours in different ED subtypes.

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IntroductionLong-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI-APs) should be the first choice therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia, however their use in outpatient's psychiatric services remains limited.ObjectiveObservational study in schizophrenic patients of the northwestern public health service.AimTo assess demographic and psychopathological features in patients treated with LAI haloperidol (H-LAI) and second-generation LAI antipsychotics (SG-LAI).MethodsWe recruited 105 schizophrenic patients upon LAI-APs treatment, and we assessed socio-demographic data, medical comorbidity, substances use, time from admission, treatment length, and per os augmentation therapies. All participants were assessed for global functioning and severity of illness by CGI-SCH and PSP, respectively.ResultsOf all patients, 52% were treated by H-LAI, 48% by SG-LAI. No statistical differences (P > 0.05) were found between the 2 groups for age, gender, other demographic variables, substances use, somatic comorbidities. Both groups were homogeneous for severity of illness (CGI-SCH score = 4.20 in H-LAI vs. 4.38 in SG-LAI) and global functioning (PSP score = 49.1 in H-LAI vs. 54.4 in SG-LAI). Compared with the H-LAI group, SG-LAI-treated patients were characterized by shorter time from admission (>10 yrs) and treatment length (>1 yr), and less frequent anticholinergic drug co-prescription. We counted only 6 LAI-APs treatments started in the last year.ConclusionsDespite of the literature support, LAI-APs treatment for schizophrenia is still limited in our service. Our data suggest that SG-LAI-APs are used as first choice of LAI-APs treatment, although maintained for short time, while H-LAI are reserved to long-standing patients and are burdened by side effects needing anticholinergic treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.