The burden from PDPN appears to be higher with increasing pain severity. More severe pain leads to a higher impairment in daily functioning, sleep and HRQoL. Higher pain intensity also leads to increasing healthcare costs and work productivity losses.

The WTT years and the number of years traded-off were both influenced by SLE in 10-years TTO exercises. Reducing remaining life expectancy to 10 years in a TTO may thus increase loss aversion and, especially in respondents losing relatively many expected life years, diminish WTT and the amount of time traded off.

Although evidence is limited, the economic and HRQL burden of non-dialysis CKD-related anemia is substantial. Under-treatment of anemia may contribute to higher resource consumption and higher costs; however, patient co-morbidities, use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents, and overall management introduce potential confounds. The contribution of anemia to humanistic disease burden is due to a constellation of factors, including physical activity and functional status.

Roflumilast increased the overall treatment costs of COPD, although the increase was partly offset by reductions in other forms of healthcare use. Roflumilast has the potential to be cost saving in patients with very severe COPD, due to a statistically significant reduction of exacerbations.