Rice A gronomy J our n al • Volume 10 0 , I s sue 3 • 2 0 0 8 735 ABSTRACT New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are widely adopted interspecifi c crosses between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima but their responses to fertilizer was not known. In 2004 and 2005, four released NERICAs (NERICA 1, 2, 3, 6) under two levels of phosphorus (0 and 2.6 g m -2 ) and four of nitrogen (0, 3, 6, and 12 g m -2 ) were evaluated on an acid Typic Haplustult at Ikenne (6°54´ N, 3°42´ E) in the Nigerian forest agroecosystem. In 2004, averaged over N levels, NERICA 3 attained physiological maturity most quickly (92 days aft er seeding [DAS]) at 2.6 g P m -2 . But under drought stress (2005), although NERICA 3 was the fi rst to initiate panicles (49 DAS) and to reach midfl owering (73 DAS), maturity was delayed until 100 to 101 DAS with or without P. Also, in 2005, NERICA 6 took a much longer time to mature ( 110-111 DAS) than the other cultivars. Th erefore, NERICAs 3 and 6 were the least suitable cultivars for low-input, drought-prone environments. At low N of 3 g m -2 and zero P, paddy yield was highest in NERICA 1. With application of 12 g N m -2 , NERICA 1 also yielded 20 to 41% more than the others, implying that it had a potential for tolerance to low N and was the most N-responsive among the cultivars evaluated under limited P. Moderate levels of N (6 g m -2 ) and P (2.6 g m -2 ) are recommended for NERICAs in smallholder low-input production systems.

Multivariate analysis is based on a statistical principle involving observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time. The variability of 434 accessions of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm from Côte d'Ivoire was evaluated for 10 agro‐morphological traits in upland conditions at M'bé, Côte d'Ivoire (7°5′ N, 5°1′ W) in 2002 using augmented experimental design and analyzed with multivariate methods. The unweighted pair group method of the average linkage (UPGMA) cluster analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the data obtained. This enabled the assessment of the extent and pattern of variation of the germplasm and identification of the major traits contributing to the diversity. Seven cluster groups were obtained from the 10 agro‐botanical traits using the UPGMA. Canonical discriminant analysis showed the contribution of each trait to the classification of the rice accessions into different cluster groups. The first three principal components explained about 72.24% of the total variation among the 10 characters. The results of canonical discriminant analysis and PCA suggested that traits such as plant height, number of days to heading and maturity, tillering ability, and grain size (weight, length, width, and shape) were the principal discriminatory characteristics. It was concluded that variation exists in the germplasm, which provides opportunities for this collection to be useful for genetic improvement.

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In sustainable agricultural development, integrated pest management (IPM) can play a key role in the reduction of crop losses, thereby increasing productivity while minimizing environmental contamination and health hazards. In recent years, agricultural research and development partners have pioneered outstanding contributions in IPM, notably in varietal resistance against pests, biological control of alien invasive species, substitution of inorganic pesticides with biopesticides, new export market opportunities, and new tools in biotechnology. Success stories are not limited to these areas, but are also found in the areas of human capital development, information management, and participatory approaches. The potential of IPM to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security is, however, poorly realized in Africa due to a myriad of factors, including inadequate deployment of high-yielding crop varieties, harmful pesticide regimes, political instability, conflicts in social values and civil wars, inappropriate agricultural policies, biased global trade policies, lack of market information, and poor rural infrastructures. Few African countries have adopted IPM as the official national crop protection policy and there is no framework for resource allocation to support widespread promotion of research and training in IPM. This calls for reshaping and revisiting a number of policies related to food production and agricultural development, in order to encourage partnership and participation in the identification, analysis, advocacy, and follow-up of agricultural policy issues as well as public awareness of the effect of pests and diseases on food security and the environment.