In order to enhance the mechanical strength of Low-E glass, Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) films have to be tempered at high temperatures together with glass substrates. The effects of tempering temperature (600 °C ~ 720 °C) and time (150 s ~ 300 s) on the structural and electrical properties of FTO films were investigated. The results show all the films consist of non-stoichiometric, polycrystalline SnO2 without detectable amounts of fluoride. 700 °C and 260 s may be the critical tempering temperature and time, respectively. FTO films tempered at 700 °C for 260 s possesses the resistivity of 7.54 × 10−4 Ω•cm, the average transmittance in 400 ~ 800 nm of ~80%, and the calculated emissivity of 0.38. Hall mobility of FTO films tempered in this proper condition is mainly limited by the ionized impurity scattering. The value of [O]/[Sn] at the film surface is much higher than the stoichiometric value of 2.0 of pure crystalline SnO2.

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In the present paper the effects of explosion hardening on the microstructure and the mechanical properties as well as the lifetime of Hadfield steel (high manganese steel) crossing have been studied. The optimum explosion hardening technology of the high manganese steel crossing was proposed. That is twice explosion by using cyclonite explosive in thickness of 3 mm. The new technology emphasises the formation of a 25 mm deep hardened layer with surface hardness of 370 HB. Upon the explosion impact, the deformation mechanism of the material is found to follow in situ plastic deformation. The explosion hardening mechanisms of the high manganese steel crossing are dislocation and nanoscale deformation twin hardenings in the surface layer which is subjected to large deformation, and dislocation hardening in the subsurface layer which is subjected to small deformation. The explosion hardening enhances the mechanical properties of the material, included the deformation resistance, wear resistance and fatigue resistance, therefore, the lifetime of the high manganese steel crossing can be increased by ∼35% through the explosion hardening treatment.

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