Collaboration between traditional healers and biomedical practitioners is now being accepted by many African countries south of the Sahara because of the increasing problem of HIV/AIDS. The key problem, however, is how to initiate collaboration between two health systems which differ in theory of disease causation and management. This paper presents findings on experience learned by initiation of collaboration between traditional healers and the Institute of Traditional Medicine in Arusha and Dar-es-Salaam Municipalities, Tanzania where 132 and 60 traditional healers respectively were interviewed. Of these 110 traditional healers claimed to be treating HIV/AIDS. The objective of the study was to initiate sustainable collaboration with traditional healers in managing HIV/AIDS. Consultative meetings with leaders of traditional healers' associations and government officials were held, followed by surveys at respective traditional healers' "vilinge" (traditional clinics). The findings were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings showed that influential people and leaders of traditional healers' association appeared to be gatekeepers to access potential good healers in the two study areas. After consultative meetings these leaders showed to be willing to collaborate; and opened doors to other traditional healers, who too were willing to collaborate with the Institute of Traditional Medicine in managing HIV/AIDS patients. Seventy five percent of traditional healers who claimed to be treating HIV/AIDS knew some HIV/AIDS symptoms; and some traditional healers attempted to manage these symptoms. Even though, they were willing to collaborate with the Institute of Traditional Medicine there were nevertheless some reservations based on questions surrounding sharing from collaboration. The reality of past experiences of mistreatment of traditional healers in the colonial period informed these reservations. General findings suggest that initiating collaboration is not as easy as it appears to be from the literature, if it is to be meaningful; and thus we are calling for appropriate strategies to access potential healers targeted for any study designed with sustainability in mind.

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Health care utilization in many developing countries, Tanzania included, is mainly through the use of traditional medicine (TRM) and its practitioners despite the presence of the conventional medicine. This article presents findings on the study that aimed to get an experience of health care utilization from both urban and rural areas of seven administrative regions in Tanzania. A total of 33 health facility managers were interviewed on health care provision and availability of supplies including drugs, in their respective areas. The findings revealed that the health facilities were overburden with higher population to serve than it was planned. Consequently essential drugs and other health supplies were available only in the first two weeks of the month. Conventional health practitioners considered traditional health practitioners to be more competent in mental health management, and overall, they were considered to handle more HIV/AIDS cases knowingly or unknowingly due to shear need of healthcare by this group. In general conventional health practitioners were positive towards traditional medicine utilization; and some of them admitted using traditional medicines. Traditional medicines like other medical health systems worldwide have side effects and some contentious ethical issues that need serious consideration and policy direction. Since many people will continue using traditional/alternative medicine, there is an urgent need to collaborate with traditional/alternative health practitioners through the institutionalization of basic training including hygiene in order to improved healthcare in the community and attain the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

Aerial parts of Phyllanthus amarus are used by Traditional Healers of Tanga, northeastern Tanzania, to control symptoms of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). An aqueous extract of the aerial parts, 0.1 and 1 g/kg body weight, significantly enhanced clearance of glucose from the blood as compared to controls during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), using normal fasted albino rabbits (P ≤ 0.05). The two doses of the extract reduced the area under the OGTT curve by 7.8% and 11.4%, respectively. Both doses had no effect on blood glucose in the unfed rabbits. Chlorpropamide, 0.1 g/kg body weight, showed a greater effect, than both doses, on glucose clearance in the fed state and on blood glucose in the fasted rabbits (P ≤ 0.05). A methanol extract of the aerial parts, 1 g/kg body weight, worsened glucose tolerance causing a significant increase in area under the OGTT and fasting blood glucose curves (P ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the aqueous extract contains a hypoglycaemic activity as claimed by traditional healers. This activity is absent in the methanol extract, thus emphasizing the importance of preparing extracts in the same way as the healers. Further work is required to isolate the active substance before proper comparison with a standard drug can be done.

Due do limited coverage of conventional health care services in Tanzania, a number of HIV/AIDS patients are consequently being cared for and managed by traditional healers. Knowledge of 132 traditional healers on HIV/AIDS was assessed through a questionnaire that sought among other things the symptoms that these traditional healers associate with HIV/AIDS. Seventy-seven (61%) healers claimed to be treating HIV/AIDS patients. Twenty-five percent (33 healers) had poor, 52.3% (69 healers) had moderate, 22.7% (30 healers) had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Sixty-nine (52%) among the traditional healers mentioned six and thirty (23%) healers mentioned more than six symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS as outlined by the WHO clinical HIV staging system. Almost all the healers were aware that HIV/AIDS is spread sexually and through body fluid contact and claimed that precautionary measures are taken to avoid spread of the disease. Knowledge on HIV/AIDS infection from mother to child during pregnancy, at delivery and through breastfeeding was poor for most healers. It seems most traditional healers meet HIV/AIDS patients in their terminal stages when HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic infections are highly manifest, a situation exemplified by the recorded symptoms that were not specific or directly related to HIV/AIDS. There is a need to impart the appropriate knowledge in the identified deficient areas to avoid possibilities of further spread of the disease through the traditional medicine delivery system. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

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Potential risk from the consumption of leaves of Crotalaria brevidens, an indigenous leafy vegetable of the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa, was assessed. Wild and cultivated forms of this indigenous vegetable contained two major pyrrolizidine alkaloids on thin layer chromatography, but in quantities that were too small to quantify by 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance or Ultraviolet spectrometry. Based on the detection limits of these methods and dietary data from Tarime District, Tanzania, we estimate the Potential Weekly Intake of the vegetable during the peak season of consumption to be 305 ug/week/person. This does not account for detoxification during cooking. While the nutritional benefits of this vegetable likely outweigh any detrimental effects of the alkaloids, the recognized hepatotoxicity of these compounds may outweigh the benefits under some circumstances.