Polarization is an important property of electromagnetic (EM) wave and different polarization manipulations are required for varied optical applications. Here we report a reconfigurable metasurface which achieves both the polarization conversion and the polarization rotation in THz regime. The metasurface is reconfigured through the micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) actuation. The cross polarization transmittance from a linear polarized incidence is experimentally tuned from 0 to 28% at 2.66 THz. In addition, the polarization rotation angle is effectively changed from −12.8° to 13.1° at 1.78 THz. The tunable bi-functional metasurface for polarization conversion and the polarization rotation can be flexibly applied in various applications such as imaging, polarization microscopy and material analysis, etc.
Turbulent drag reduction of 30 ppm cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) solution flow in a channel was investigated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) combining with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Measurements were made at inlet fluid temperature of 304 K and at Reynolds number 2.5×104 (based on the channel height, bulk velocity, and solvent viscosity) for both water and CTAC solution flows with 70.0% drag reduction rate. The two-component velocity fields in the streamwise-wall normal plane were recorded by PIV. In order to study the characteristics of turbulent drag-reducing channel flow, POD was performed to identify the near-wall coherent structures based on PIV-measured data. POD is a powerful low-dimensional analysis tool that can be used to identify coherent structures embedded in the turbulent shear flow. We mainly studied a comparison between the first dominant POD eigenmodes of water and drag-reducing CTAC solution flows. Coherent structures were seen as the sum of several eigenmodes that possess a dominant energy of the flow, say 90%. It was obtained that the amount of eigenmodes required for capturing the coherent structures was 233 and 195 for water and CTAC solution flows, respectively, which means the decrease in the complexity in CTAC solution flow. Based on the analysis of POD eigenmodes of water and CTAC solution flows, we captured the processes that can reflect the ejection motion of low-speed fluid from the wall and sweep motion of high-speed fluid toward the wall associating with turbulent bursting events. The results showed that CTAC additives can inhibit the turbulent bursting processes (both strength and occurrence frequency), resulting in a great decrease in turbulent contribution to frictional drag and drag reduction, which is sufficient to understand deeply the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction.
We numerically verify better fluid mixing efficiency can be achieved by alternating injection scheme in a heterogeneous porous medium, whose permeability heterogeneity is characterized by two statistical parameters, i.e., the variance s and the correlation length l. Nevertheless, the fingering pattern is strongly affected by permeability distribution to result in similar fingering interface on each of injected layer of less viscous fluids. Instead of randomly chaotic fingering interaction in a homogeneous condition, more orderly channeling interaction occurs in a heterogeneous medium. As a result, higher Peclet number Pe (relative measure of advection and diffusion effects) generally leads to worse mixing efficiency in a heterogeneous medium, which might contradict the result found in a homogeneous case. By the same token, in the cases which strong chaotic fingering interaction already exists in homogeneous conditions, e.g., sufficiently short alternating injection interval Δt, large viscosity contrast A and high Pe, the presence of permeability heterogeneity would constrain the randomly chaotic fingering interaction and favors the more orderly channeling interaction, so that mixing efficiency is deteriorated compared with the corresponding homogeneous case.
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