Abstract. The recent decades have seen a significant evolution of the methodologies and techniques for the monitoring of subsidence on a regional scale: from the traditional levelling technique to GNSS and finally to SAR interferometry. The case study of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, is a prime example of this evolution.As known, the Emilia-Romagna plain is subject to a phenomenon of subsidence with a natural and an anthropogenic component, both of varying amounts depending on the area. The first contributes a few mm/year; the second, particularly evident in the last 60 years, is mainly correlated to excessive withdrawal of fluids from underground and reaches higher values (in the past, subsidence rates of several cm per year were observed in the Po delta and near Bologna).The geodetic monitoring of subsidence started in the 1950s by different entities, establishing and measuring levelling networks of varying size and with various characteristics, mainly located where the phenomenon was most clearly manifest. These local initiatives were not able to provide a consistent understanding of the phenomenon throughout the entire Emilia-Romagna plain.The first regional-scale monitoring of the Emilia-Romagna plain was initiated in 1999, with a large levelling network (about 3000 km) and a coupled network of 60 GNSS points. In subsequent years, the monitoring approach has mainly focused on the most modern remote sensing techniques integrated with each other, with the adoption of the method DInSAR calibrated to a GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) database. The application of DInSAR methods resulted in subsidence maps with a greater level of detail.The paper analyzes the methodology choices made during 1999-2012, through three successive campaigns that adopted and integrated the different techniques.
The analysis of the vertical movements of the soil in the Po River plane of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) was updated through an interferometric analysis referred to the 2011-2016 time-span. This activity is a continuation of previous studies on the state of knowledge of vertical soil movements in the same area, analyzed firstly by levelling and GNSS and more recently by SAR interferometry for the periods 1992-2000, 2002-2006, 2006-2011, on behalf of the Emilia-Romagna Region. The survey area analysed was approximately 13 300 km 2 , which corresponds to the territory of the regional plain. The interferometric dataset was calibrated through the use of velocity time series of several permanent GNSS stations. Among the 36 stations analysed, 22 were included in the study area: 16 were used for the calibration and 6 as check points). The velocities required for the calibration of the SAR analysis were calculated in the period following the important seismic events that struck the territory of the Emilia Romagna Region in May 2012. The interferometric analysis was carried out by TRE ALTAMIRA using the SqueeSAR™ technology. In particular, in order to update the interferometric dataset to 2016, it was necessary to perform a joint processing of the available RADARSAT-1 data and of the data acquired by the RADARSAT-2 satellite using a specific operating mode of the SqueeSAR™ algorithm known as stitching; this approach allowed the joint processing of images acquired in the same geometry by these two satellites. The study of the time series of the GNSS permanent stations used to provide the velocity datum to the interferometric analysis, is described, and the results of the SqueeSAR™ interferometric processing are reported. Statistical analyses on the spatial distribution and the type of scatterers have been performed during the screening and validation procedures of the dataset, and for the identification and removal of the outliers. Finally, the resulting map is described in order to analyse the measured soil movements with respect to the results obtained in past analyses, and the possible geological and human-induced causes, which could have produced them.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 40 G. Bitelli et al.: Updating the subsidence map of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy)
The regions facing the northern Adriatic Sea are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise. Several trade ports are located there, and the area is important from social and economical viewpoints. Since tourism and cultural heritage are a significant source of income, an increase in sea-level could hinder the development of these regions. One of the longest sea-level time series in the northern Adriatic, which goes back to the late 1880s, has been recorded at Marina di Ravenna, in Emilia-Romagna region. The record is anomalous, showing a rate of increase that largely exceeds that observed in nearby stations. During the last few decades, geodetic campaigns based on geometric high precision leveling, SAR interferometry, and GPS have monitored the Ravenna area. In this work, tide gauge observations are merged with yet unpublished geodetic data, aiming at a coherent interpretation of vertical land movements. We confirm that land subsidence is the major cause of relative sea-level change at Marina di Ravenna, at least during the period allowing for a quantitative analysis (1990-2011). The rate of absolute sea-level change (2.2±1.3 mm yr−1 during the same time period), given by the difference between the rate of relative sea-level change and the rate of subsidence, is consistent with the rate of absolute sea-level change observed by altimetry in the northern Adriatic Sea.
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