Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as an aromatic and medicinal plant. Basil is grown in different regions with varying climates; the productivity and quality are influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors. This study was aimed to determine the impact of the application of different types of fertilizers on the yield and contents of some bioactive components in basil. The treatments consisted of three different types of fertilizers (mineral, organomineral, and organic) and control (without fertilization). The yield per plant and the essential oil content with fertilizer treatment were better than that in control. The highest fresh yield (450.9 g per plant) and oil content (0.94 mL 100 g-1) were recorded in basil cultivated using mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, the fresh yield (333.9 and 327.8 g per plant) and oil content (0.87 and 0.85 mL 100 g-1) were higher after the application of organic and organomineral fertilizers compared to that in the control treatment. There was no significant effect of fertilizer application on the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated a suitable practical application of organomineral fertilizers as a nutrient source in basil crop production in areas where the use of mineral and organic fertilizers is limited.
Appearance and spreading of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Bosnia and HerzegovinaIt has been more than seven decades since the first data on the presence of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Bosnia and Herzegovina was published. The literature data show that this invasive weed species has spread and became naturalized in a major part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and has a tendency of further spreading. It is believed that was introduced from the north and spread towards the south. Depending on the weather conditions, common ragweed occurs predominantly during the mid-spring and produces inflorescences from July until the first frost. The common ragweed plants can grow to be over 2 meters high. This species is very adaptive to different environmental conditions, and its fast expansion in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina was favored by the increase of areas under uncultivated and abandoned land after the war. Since common ragweed is harmful both as a weed species and as an allergenic plant dangerous to human health, it is necessary to take all available measures to prevent its further spread, but also to reduce the number of populations in the areas where it is already established. IZVLEČEK Pojavljanje in širjenje ambrozije (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) v Bosni in HercegoviniPred več kot 70 leti so bili objavljeni prvi podatki o pojavu ambrozije (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) v Bosni in Hercegovini. Literaturni podatki kažejo, da se je ta invazivna vrsta razširila in postala običajna v večjem delu Bosne in Hercegovine in kaže da se bo širila še naprej. Velja prepričanje, da je bila uvedena in se širila od severa proti jugu. Odvisno od vremenskih razmer se ambrozija pojavlja predvsem sredi pomladi in se na njej razvijajo socvetja od meseca julija do prve slane. Rastline ambrozije lahko zrastejo do višine preko 2 m. Vrsta se zelo prilagaja različnim okoljskim razmeram, k njenemu širjenju na območju Bosne in Hercegovine je prispevalo v času vojne tudi širjenje neobdelanih in zapuščenih zemljišč. Ker je ambrozija škodljiva tako kot plevelna rastlina, kot rastlina, ki povzroča alergije in škoduje zdravju ljudi, je nujno izvajati ukrepe za preprečevanje nadaljnjega širjenja. Zelo pomembno pa je tudi zmanjševanje števila rastlin v populacijah, kjer je že razširjena.
Naturally occurring heavy metals are commonly adsorbed onto substances with a large active surface, such as clays and iron oxyhydroxides. Different heavy metals could show different adsorbing preference to clays or iron oxyhydroxides, whereas a deep clay pit sediment sample with frequent subsampling gives the results that are more reliable. This study aimed to reveal differences in behavior of heavy metals and their relationships to total and amorphous iron in the deep clay pit core sample. In this research, 110 samples of the 33.0 m deep clay pit core sample were studied. Nine heavy metals from the clay open pit mine were investigated: total Fe (Fe t ) and amorphous (e.g., limonite) or poorly crystalline (e.g., ferrihydrite) (Fe am ), Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. Total amounts of metals (M t ) were extracted by means of concentrated HNO 3 and HF. Amorphous amounts of iron (Fe am ) were extracted using the ammonium oxalate method. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured with an ICP-OES instrument. For statistical evaluation purposes, the following descriptive statistics tools were used: maximum, minimum, average, and median value. Behavior of heavy metals was investigated through standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (CV), skewness (SK), Z score (Z), PCA analysis, correlations, and correlations after Al normalization. The results of the SD and CV indicate that the clay pit sample is very heterogeneous. Heavy metals are mostly highly correlated with total and amorphous Fe. High correlation was found between the pH-related parameters, Fe t −Fe am , Fe−Mn, Fe−Ni, Fe−Co, Co−Ni, Co−Mn, and Pb−Cr (negative). Multivariate statistical analysis distinguished three subgroups: (1) Fe t , Fe am , Ni, Co, and Mn; (2) Pb, Zn, and Cr; and (3) Cu and V, suggesting a possible common source and similar behavior. Although clays are much more present in the samples, heavy metals are mostly connected to iron oxyhydroxides.
Food spoilage is phenomenon associated with occurence of the microorganisms in agricultural products. Due to the ability of several microorganisms to colonize plant material, agrochemicals were proposed to suppress bacterial growth. However, overuse of agrochemicals has detrimental impact on environmental quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.), wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) to suppress the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of these plant extracts was determined using the disc diffusion method. Mueller-Hinton agar was inoculated with bacterial inoculum; six filter paper disks, impregnated with 15 μl aqueous extract (1, 2 and 4%), were placed on each agar surface. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in millimeters (mm). Almost all aqueous extracts showed a negligible effect on the growth of E. coli and E. faecalis. Significant suppression of bacterial growth compared with other treatments was observed with the aqueous extract of wild garlic at a concentration of 4%. This research confirms the potential of wild garlic extract in suppression of potential pathogens.
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