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Subjects were led to believe that they would take a series of tests measuring important abilities. Half of the subjects were told that they would have full freedom to take the tests in any order they wished. The other half were told to take the tests in a specific order. Both groups were instructed that the order of tests would not make any difference in their total scores. Subjects did not actually take the tests. Their anxiety was measured by palmar sweating. Subjects who had no choice of order of tests increased in anxiety, while those who had choice did not change. This difference was greater for later born children than for first-born and only children.

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Subjects working in isolation were led to believe that they were the third member of a three-person group and were asked privately