A B S T R A C TAssuming that a roughness meter can be successfully employed to measure the roughness on the internal surface of irrigation pipes, this research had the purpose of defining parameters and procedures required to represent the internal surface roughness of plastic pipes used in irrigation. In 2013, the roughness parameter Ra, traditional for the representation of surface irregularities in most situations, and the parameters Rc, Rq, and Ry were estimated based on 350 samples of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pipes. Pressure losses were determined from experiments carried out in laboratory. Estimations of pressure loss varied significantly according to the roughness parameters (Ra, Rc, Rq, and Ry) and the corresponding pipe diameter. Therefore, specific values of roughness for each pipe diameter improves accuracy in pressure losses estimation. The average values of internal surface roughness were 3.334 and 8.116 µm for PVC and LDPE pipes, respectively. Rugosidade interna de tubos plásticos utilizados em irrigação R E S U M OObjetivou-se, no presente estudo, estabelecer os parâmetros de amplitude das irregularidades da superfície interna de tubos plásticos para irrigação, assim como procedimentos para sua obtenção e representação utilizando-se um rugosímetro de bancada. Durante o ano de 2013 foram avaliados 350 perfis de rugosidade de tubos de PVC e polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBDL), sendo determinados os parâmetros de rugosidade Ra, clássico para a representação das irregularidades de superfícies na maioria das situações, além dos parâmetros adicionais Rc, Rq e Ry. Determinações hidráulicas de perda de carga foram realizadas em laboratório para comparação com a perda de carga obtida pela aplicação dos parâmetros de rugosidade. Evidenciou-se diferença significativa de desempenho estatístico dos parâmetros de rugosidade (Ra, Rq, Rc e Ry) de acordo com o diâmetro do tubo e, portanto, constatou-se que a adoção de valores de rugosidade específicos para cada diâmetro contribui para a exatidão das estimativas de perda de carga. A rugosidade média para tubos de PVC e PEBDL foi 3,334 e 8,116 µm, respectivamente.

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The present work had the objective of evaluating the thermal comfort by means of the Temperature and Humidity Index (ITU) inside a model of small scale poultry houses using different hedging strategies. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul. The coverings used were: fiber cement (control), fiber cement + white paint + thermal blanket, fiber cement + white paint. The temperature and relative air humidity reading were performed inside each model and in the external area, with DTH 22 sensors controlled by Arduino, divided in four periods of summer 2017/2018. Compared to the external environment, the different coverages promoted a mean reduction of ITU from 84 to 76. Significant statistical differences between the different coverage were observed, in which the average ITU of the period of 77.31 observed in the control was reduced to 74.90 on the covers with white paint. Based on the conditions under which the study was conducted, it is recommended to cover asbestos cement + white paint to improve thermal comfort inside poultry houses.

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SENSIBILIDADE DE GOTEJADORES À OBSTRUÇÃO POR PARTÍCULAS DE AREIA     ACÁCIO PERBONI1; JOSÉ ANTONIO FRIZZONE2; RUBENS DUARTE COELHO2; ROGÉRIO LAVANHOLI3 E EZEQUIEL SARETTA4   1 Professor, IFMT, Campo Novo do Parecis - MT, acacio.perboni@cnp.ifmt.edu.br 2 Professor, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP, frizzone@usp.br; rdcoelho@usp.br 3 Doutorando, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP, rogeriolavanholi@hotmail.com 4 Professor, UFSM, Cachoeira do Sul - RS, ezequielsaretta@gmail.com     1 RESUMO   O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho e concentração de partículas de areia e da velocidade de fluxo da água nas linhas na sensibilidade à obstrução de um modelo de gotejador do tipo cilíndrico, não regulado, com vazão nominal de 2 L h-1. Foram realizados ensaios de obstrução com areia misturada em água destilada, combinando os seguintes fatores: três faixas granulométricas de partículas de areia, três concentrações de areia e três velocidades de fluxo de água no tubo. A vazão de 32 gotejadores foi medida a cada doze minutos por meio de um sistema automatizado. Nos ensaios com faixa granulométrica de 0,105 a 0,25 mm, ocorreu a obstrução nas concentrações de 250 e 500 mg L-1, para os regimes de escoamento de transição e turbulento. Já na faixa granulométrica de 0,25 a 0,5 mm, ocorreu obstrução nas concentrações de 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1, para os regimes de escoamento de transição e turbulento. A obstrução de gotejadores ocorreu de forma aleatória nas oito linhas. Após obstruídos os gotejadores não desobstruíram com o passar do tempo de ensaio.   Palavras-chave: microirrigação, partículas sólidas inertes, granulometria, concentração     PERBONI, A.; FRIZZONE, J. A.; COELHO, R. D.; LAVANHOLI, R.; SARETTA, E. SENSITIVITY OF DRIPPERS TO CLOGGING CAUSED BY SAND PARTICLES     2 ABSTRACT   The purpose of this research was to assess the influence of concentration and size of sand particles, and water flow velocity in laterals on the sensitivity of drippers to clogging. A cylindrical integrated non-pressure compensating dripper of 2 L h-1 nominal flow rate was used. Experiments were undertaken using distilled water and sand particles, according to the following levels: (a) three ranges of particles sizes; (b) three concentrations of particles; and, (c) three flow velocities in the laterals. The flow rate of 32 drippers was measured at every 12 minutes by an automated system. Within the range of particle sizes from 0.105 to 0.25 mm, clogging of emitters was observed under transient and turbulent flow regimes, and under particles concentration of 250 and 500 mg L-1. Within the range of particles sizes from 0.25 to 0.5 mm, clogging was observed for all concentrations under transient and turbulent flow regimes. Clogging of emitters occurred as a random phenomenon. Once clogged, emitters did not recover their initial flow rate.    Keywords: micro irrigation, inert solid particles, particle size, concentration

Venturi injectors are commonly employed for fertigation purposes in agriculture, in which they draw fertilizer from a tank into the irrigation pipeline. The knowledge of the amount of liquid injected by this device is used to ensure an adequate fertigation operation and management. The objectives of this research were (1) to carry out functional tests of Venturi injectors following requirements stated by ISO 15873; and (2) to model the injection rate using dimensional analysis by the Buckingham Pi theorem. Four models of Venturi injectors were submitted to functional tests using clean water as motive and injected fluid. A general model for predicting injection flow rate was proposed and validated. In this model, the injection flow rate depends on the fluid properties, operating hydraulic conditions and geometrical characteristics of the Venturi injector. Another model for estimating motive flow rate as a function of inlet pressure and differential pressure was adjusted and validated for each size of Venturi injector. Finally, an example of an application was presented. The Venturi injector size was selected to fulfill the requirements of the application and the operating conditions were estimated using the proposed models.

ABSTRACT:In center pivot irrigation, pressure regulating valves (PRV) are usually installed upstream the emitters to set their inlet pressure and thus to compensate pressure variations along the lateral line due to pressure losses and terrain slope. PRVs are used to avoid significant variations in emitters' discharge, consequently assuring proper irrigation uniformity. The são geralmente instaladas anteriormente à entrada de água para os aspersores de uma tal maneira que a pressão de entrada seja regulada, compensando variações ao longo da linha do pivô devido à perdas de pressão (na forma de perda de carga) e declividades do terreno. As VRPs são utilizadas para evitar variações significativas na descarga dos aspersores, consequentemente garantindo uma uniformidade de aplicação adequada. A pressão regulada das VRPs é ligeiramente influenciada pela sua pressão de entrada assim como a vazão atravessando a

A B S T R A C TThe aim of this study was to develop a filtration system with high-frequency flow reversal and minimum requirement of water for cleaning routines. The system was developed in the period from 2011 to 2013 and consists of three screen filters and eleven solenoid valves electronically controlled by a controller that operates based on head loss measurements. The following evaluations were carried out: head loss curve as a function of flow rate; filtrating efficiency as a function of solids concentration, frequency of flow reversal and increment in head loss. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with three replicates and two treatment levels for each factor. The filtration efficiency was equal to 98.6% for particles larger than 50 µm. The minimum volume of water for each cleaning of the filters was 5.39 L. The head loss increment in the filtration system with flow reversal at frequencies of 11.11 and 22.22 mHz was smaller compared with the filtration system without flow reversal. The developed filtration system has potential for filtering low-quality irrigation water, but requires periodic maintenance to clean the filter element.