Artificial intelligence and all its supporting tools, e.g. machine and deep learning in computational intelligence-based systems, are rebuilding our society (economy, education, life-style, etc.) and promising a new era for the social welfare state. In this paper we summarize recent advances in data science and artificial intelligence within the interplay between natural and artificial computation. A review of recent works published in the latter field and the state the art are summarized in a comprehensive and self-contained way to provide a baseline framework for the international community in artificial intelligence. Moreover, this paper aims to provide a complete analysis and some relevant discussions of the current trends and insights within several theoretical and application fields covered in the essay, from theoretical models in

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Background modeling and foreground detection are key parts of any computer vision system. These problems have been addressed in literature with several probabilistic approaches based on mixture models. Here we propose a new kind of probabilistic background models which is based on probabilistic self-organising maps. This way, the background pixels are modeled with more flexibility. On the other hand, a statistical correlation measure is used to test the similarity among nearby pixels, so as to enhance the detection performance by providing a feedback to the process. Several well known benchmark videos have been used to assess the relative performance of our proposal with respect to traditional neural and non neural based methods, with favourable results, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A statistical analysis of the differences among methods demonstrates that our method is significantly better than its competitors. This way, a strong alternative to classical methods is presented.

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The growing neural gas (GNG) self-organizing neural network stands as one of the most successful examples of unsupervised learning of a graph of processing units. Despite its success, little attention has been devoted to its extension to a hierarchical model, unlike other models such as the self-organizing map, which has many hierarchical versions. Here, a hierarchical GNG is presented, which is designed to learn a tree of graphs. Moreover, the original GNG algorithm is improved by a distinction between a growth phase where more units are added until no significant improvement in the quantization error is obtained, and a convergence phase where no unit creation is allowed. This means that a principled mechanism is established to control the growth of the structure. Experiments are reported, which demonstrate the self-organization and hierarchy learning abilities of our approach and its performance for vector quantization applications.

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