This work was designed to explore the phytochemicals, elemental and proximate analysis of Maerua angolensis Stem bark were determined using standard analytical methods. The phytochemical screening showed alkaloid (271.30 mg /100 g), tannins (340.25 mg /100 g), flavonoid (176.85 mg /100 g), reducing sugar (41.20 mg /100 g), glycosides (184.30 mg /100 g), steroids (112.30 mg /100 g), anthraquinones (167.85 mg /100 g) and saponin (225.61 mg /100 g). Also the elemental analysis carried out revealed that the concentration of Manganese (0.02 9 mg/kg), Copper (0.059 mg/kg), Calcium (0.070 mg/kg), Sodium (7.530 mg/kg), Zinc (0.028 mg/kg), Chromium (0.158 mg/kg), Lead (0.007 mg/kg), Iron (0.100 mg/kg) and Magnesium (0.020 mg/kg). The result of the proximate composition showed that the moisture, fat, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrate and energy value content of the samples were 3.58±0.04%, 6.25±0.09%, 21.79±0.26%, 48.51±2.31%, 13.28±1.86%, 6.60±1.79% and 169.81±8.49 kcal/100 g respectively. The pH value obtained was 5.65±0.09. These indicate that the plant can be effective source for drugs. The elemental and proximate analysis shows that it contained appreciable amount of nutrients which could be included in diets to supplement human daily nutrient needs and animal.
In this study the proximate composition, elemental and anti-nutrients composition of pumpkin seed (cucurbita maxima duch ex lam) obtained from Duvu were determined using standard methods. The proximate composition of pumpkin seed showed protein (5.63 ± 0.01%), fats/lipids (2.65± 0.00%), fibre (49.83± 0.01%), ash (2.50± 0.00%), moisture (9.00 ± 0.00%) and carbohydrate (26.46±0.02%) for peels only while protein (35.46 ± 0.01%), fats/lipids (2.20 ± 0.00%), fibre (17.63± 0.01%) ash (4.49± 0.01%), moisture (10.5 ± 0.00%) and carbohydrate (6.08 ± 0.02%) for the unpeeled seeds flour, and protein (33.80 ± 0.01%), fats/lipds (43.15±0.00%), fibre (1.86±0.01%), ash (5.23±0.01%), moisture (10.30 ±0.00%) and carbohydrate (5.65 ±0.03%) for the peeled seed kernel flour. The elemental analysis carried out showed Ca (42.16± 0.01 mg/100 g), Fe (2.72±0.01 mg/100 g), P (124.14 ±0.02mg/100 g), K (177.34 ±0.02mg/100g), Na (41.35 ±0.01mg/100g), Mg (64.84 ±0.02mg/100 g) and Zn (8.42 ±0.01mg/100 g) for the peels only and that of unpeeled seed flour showed Ca (128.67 ±0.02mg/100 g), Fe (10.49 ±0.02mg/100 g), P (875.63 ±0.01mg/100 g), K (511.43 ±0.01mg/100 g), Na (68.26 ±0.02 mg/100 g), Mg (284.54 ±0.01mg/100 g) and Zn (6.44 ±0.02mg/10 g) while Ca (145.30±0.02 mg/100 g), Fe (13.59 ±0.01mg/100 g), P (124.35 ± 0.00 mg/100 g), K (752.64 ±0.02mg/100 g), Na (51.23 ± 0.01mg/100 g), Mg (351.63 ±0.01mg/100 g) and Zn (1.76 ± 0.01mg/100 g) for the peeled seed kernel. The anti-nutrient analysis showed tannin (2.15 ± 0.01%), cyanide (0.026 ± 0.00%), phytate (6.26 ± 0.01%) and oxalate (3.74 ± 0.02%) for the peels only while tannin (3.14 ±0.02%), cyanide (0.062±0.00%), phytate (4.54 ± 0.02%) and oxalate (2.92 ±0.01%) for the unpeeled seed and tannin (0.86 ± 0.01%), phytate (0.86±0.01%) and oxalate (1.96 ± 0.01%) for the peeled seed kernel while cyanide was not detected. The fats, protein and fibre were higher in the sample while moisture, ash and carbohydrate were low. Phosphorus, K and Ca showed higher concentration with Zn been the least in all the samples. Peeled seed kernel showed higher concentration of Ca, Fe, P, K and Mg in all the samples. Unpeeled seed showed higher concentration of phytate than in the peels and peeled seed kernel. The result of this research will be useful in nutritional, pharmaceutical and oil industry.
Proximate composition, amino acid, mineral content, vitamin composition and anti-nutritional factors of Cassia occidentalis seed were determined using a standard method of analysis. The result showed that the seed had the following proximate composition on dry weight (DW) bases: ash (39.00%), moisture content (2.00%), crude protein (18.50%), crude lipid (7.55%, Crude fibre (16.30%) and carbohydrate (16.75%). Six amino acid was detected (isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, alanine, glutamine and valine) indicating that the seed is a good source of amino acid for adult. Vitamin composition (beta- carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) were also detected in the seed. The anti-nutrient analysis showed that the seed contains total phytate (1.25 mg/100 g) oxalate (1.70 mg/100 g) and nitrate (0.82 mg/100 g). While hydrogen cyanide was not detected. Elementary analysis revealed that the seed contain Na (0.015±0.02 mg/100 g), Cu (0.028±0.04 mg/100 g), Zn (0.441±0.10 mg/100 g), Mg (2.003±0.30 mg/100 g) and Mn (0.041±0.03 mg/100 g) while Cd, Cr and Pb were not detected. Comparing the nutrients and anti-nutrient constituent with WHO and FAO values, the result indicated that the Cassia occidentalis seed had the potential to be used as a source of nutrient in alleviating macro and micronutrient deficiencies.
This study was designed to isolate and characterize the active compound(s) from the leaf extract of Pteridiumacquilinum after the aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts had been investigated on some female rats hormones One anthraquinoneemodin (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthra-quinone) was successfully purified from the methanolic extract of the medicinal plant by Chromatography (VLC, TLC and Sephadex). The initial elution was with n hexane– ethyl acetate–methanol (18:22:3, v/v/v) as the two-phase solvent system and yielded 3.4 mg of emodin. The Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC), fraction (from the methanol extract) was analyzed by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the chemical structure of the anthraquinone was confirmed by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analyses. This is the first time this anthraquinone, emodin is being reported from P. aquilinum.
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