Meat is consumed as source of protein, processed cattle hide popularly known as Kanda in southeastern Nigeria is consumed as a substitute for meat. The commercial method of processing this very food delicacy through singeing with scrap tyre, or firewood has posed question marks over the contamination status of the Kanda. This study therefore investigated the heavy metal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) content, proximate composition, and also calculated the derivable metabolic water and energy content of Kanda singed with scrap tyre, and firewood. Singeing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the moisture, ash, fibre and carbohydrate contents of the hide while it increased the protein content; increased (p < 0.05) the iron (Fe) concentration of the hide though the concentration of iron detected was far below the average lethal dose allowed in meat and meat products and elevated (p < 0.05) the PAH concentration of the hides. However, the hides singed with firewood showed higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene. With the exception of naphthalene, 2methylnaphthalene, acenenaphthalene and indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene all the 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority PAHs evaluated showed concentration above 0.0001 ppm (0.1 µg/kg) in at least one of the singed samples. Also, Singeing significantly increased (p < 0.05) the derivable metabolic water and energy contents of the cattle hides. In conclusion, while consuming singed cattle hide (Kanda) may offer higher energy content and derivable metabolic water, it may in the long term expose the consumer to health hazards associated with heavy metal and PAH contamination.3
Total number of pages: 25Total number of photographs: 24Word count: Abstract 250, Text 4,145Source(s) of support: The authors declare that there is no source of support. Abstract:The presence of essential amino acids in meat makes it a complete protein, this makes meat a highly sort after source of protein in the human diet. The World's demand for animal-derived protein has been projected to double by 2050. As a result there is a resultant increase in livestock industries to meet this demand. While meat is generally consumed as a source of protein, processed cattle hide popularly known as -Kanda" in southeastern Nigeria is consumed as a substitute for meat though it may not necessarily provide the same level of nutritional value with meat. The method of processing this food delicacy (Kanda) by singeing with scrap tyre or firewood has opened the door for heavy metal and or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination, thereby putting unsuspecting consumers at health risk. This study therefore investigated the effects of consuming scrap tyre-singed cattle hide and firewood singed cattle hide on the kidney, liver and heart of male Wistar rats. Consuming singed cattle hides significantly elevated some serum marker enzymes important in kidney, liver and heart damage i.e alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, with the groups that were fed with the hide singed with scrap tyre showing severe elevations. Consuming the singed Kanda also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of K + , Na + , Cl -, and significantly increased HCO 3 and urea concentration. An examination of the organ tissues also 4 revealed serious morphological changes. In conclusion, consuming singed Kanda had detrimental effects on the vital organs studied.
The presence of essential amino acids in meat makes it a complete protein, this makes meat a highly sort after source of protein in the human diet. The World’s demand for animal-derived protein has been projected to double by 2050. As a result there is a resultant increase in livestock industries to meet this demand. While meat is generally consumed as a source of protein, processed cattle hide popularly known as “Kanda” in southeastern Nigeria is consumed as a substitute for meat though it may not necessarily provide the same level of nutritional value with meat. The method of processing this food delicacy (Kanda) by singeing with scrap tyre or firewood has opened the door for heavy metal and or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination, thereby putting unsuspecting consumers at health risk. This study therefore investigated the effects of consuming scrap tyre and firewood singed cattle hide on the kidney, liver and heart of male Wistar rats. The study took place for 21 days at the department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 35 rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 each, allowed to acclimatize for 7 days and fed with the cattle hide processed with scrap tyre (group 1-3) and cattle hide processed with firewood (group 4-6) while group 7 which served as control was fed with normal standard rat pellet feed. It was observed that consuming these processed hides increased the marker enzymes for heart, kidney and liver damage like lactate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase with groups that were fed with the hide singed with scrap tyre showing severe elevations. Consuming the singed Kanda also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl- , and significantly increased HCO3- and urea concentration. An examination of the organ tissues also revealed serious morphological changes. In conclusion, consuming singed Kanda had detrimental effects on the vital organs studied.
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