The design and development of side-chain amino-acid-based polymeric nanostructures have attracted a significant research interest as they bring a remarkable revolution in various territories of the biomedical field. The incorporation of amino acid moieties into the side chain of synthetic polymeric scaffolds exhibits several beneficial properties like aqueous solubility, chiral recognition, high biocompatibility, stimuli responsiveness, antifouling properties, as well as their capability to form higher ordered self-assembled architectures. Considering the important features and widespread applications of side-chain aminoacid-containing polymers, here we shed light on the self-assembled characteristics of side-chain amino-acid-containing polymers and their implications. The primary aim of this review article is to highlight the recent achievements of this bright area of research. We describe the numerous aspects of side-chain amino-acid-containing polymers focusing mainly on self-assembly properties and the biomedical applications, which include drug and gene delivery, antimicrobial activity, antifouling coating, wound healing, tissue engineering etc.
Alternating sequencing of styrene‐maleimide/maleic anhydride (S‐MI/MA) in the copolymer chain is known for a long time. But since early 2000, this class of copolymers has been extensively studied using various living/controlled polymerization techniques to design S‐MI/MA alternating copolymers with tunable molecular weight, narrow dispersity (Ð), and precise chain‐end functionality. The widespread diverse applications of this polymeric backbone are due to its ease of synthesis, cheap starting materials, high precision in alternating sequencing, and facile post‐polymerization functionalization with simple organic reactions. Recently, S‐MI/MA alternating copolymers have been rediscovered as novel polymers with unprecedented emissive behavior. It outperforms the traditional fluorophores with no aggregation caused quenching (ACQ), aqueous solubility, and greater cell viability. Herein, the origin of alternating sequence, synthesis, and recent (2010‐Present) developments in applications of these polymers in different fields are elaborately discussed, including the advantages of the unconventional luminogenic property. This review article also highlights the future research directions of the versatile S‐MI/MA copolymers.
In this work, the N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) is used for the oxidative polymerization of styrene at 25–100 psi oxygen pressure at 35–55 °C to obtain a faster rate of polymerization than in 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)‐initiated polymerizations. The rates for oxidative polymerization are determined from the oxygen consumption (Δp) against time plots and NHPI shows a reaction rate increased several fold compared with AIBN. The kinetics of the oxidative polymerization reactions are studied at various concentrations of oxygen, NHPI, AIBN, and monomer. The polymerization rate of styrene is almost the same when the NHPI analogue, N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHSI), is employed. A mechanism of oxidative polymerization in the presence of NHPI is suggested on the basis of the kinetic data and characterization results of poly(styrene peroxide) (PSP). The NHPI is efficient in initiation of the oxidative radical polymerization of styrene.
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