Aim: To evaluate whether surgical treatment for anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower leg will lead to full athletic activity recovery compared to conservative treatment. Methods: Patients diagnosed with anterior CECS of the leg were offered surgical treatment, as surgery considered today to be the mainstay of treatment. Patients unwilling to be treated surgically were treated conservatively. They were followed up, assessing both groups for pain, functional status, and the Tegner sports activity score with comparisons at diagnosis and following treatment. Results: Forty-three patients were treated for CECS (31; 72.1% with surgery and 12; 27.9% conservatively) with a mean follow-up of 28.15 (4.16-54.09) months. Reported pain improved at follow-up by 1.59 (0-6) points and by 4.27 + (0-10) points in the conservatively and the surgically treated patient groups, respectively (p ¼ 0.014) with a mean change in the Tegner score of 0.09 (À5 to 5) and 3.22 (À4 to 7), respectively (p ¼ 0.009). Three patients in the conservatively treated group (25% of 12) and 24 patients in the operated group (77.4% of 31) reported full resumption of their pre-diagnosis activity level (p ¼ 0.001). Conclusion: This study supports surgery as the treatment of choice for anterior CECS of the leg with differential benefit for fasciotomy in terms of pain and return to pre-diagnosis athletic activity.

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This study aimed to examine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) given within 30 compared to 30–60 min before skin incision on the incidence of infectious morbidity after cesarean delivery (CD). A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single institution on data between 2014 and 2018. Women who delivered by CD were divided into two groups according to AP timing before skin incision: group 1 within 30 min, and group 2 from 30 to 60 min. The primary outcome was the incidence of any infectious morbidity. Overall, 2989 women were eligible: 2791 in group 1 and 198 in group 2. The primary composite outcome occurred in 125 women (4.48%) in group 1 and 8 women (4.04%) in group 2 (OR, 1.11; 95% CI 0.54–2.31; P = 0.77). The rate of surgical site infection only, was 1.08% in group 1 and 0.51% in group 2 (OR, 2.13; 95% CI 0.29–15.70; P = 0.72). The incidence was comparable between the groups in a separate sub-analysis restricted to laboring CDs and obese women. The rate of infectious morbidity was similar among women who received AP within 30 min and from 30 to 60 min before skin incision.

samples available for analysis (413 GDM, 383 non-GDM), 30.7% of whom had been diagnosed with Type 2 DM or metabolic syndrome. There was no difference in FGF21 level between the GDM and non-GDM groups in any of the 3 metabolic categories (Table ). Similarly, FGF21 levels did not differ between GDM women who were treated versus those that were not treated during their pregnancy (data not shown). In the entire cohort, median FGF21 levels (pg/ml) were significantly higher in women with both Type 2 diabetes (235.8 [IQR: 155.8, 411.4]) and metabolic syndrome (202.3 [IQR: 129.0, 308.6]) compared with women with no metabolic dysfunction (140.3 [IQR: 80.1, 226.4]), p<0.001. However, current metabolic status was not modified by prior GDM history, p¼0.7. CONCLUSION: FGF21 levels were not significantly different between women with a history of prior mild GDM compared with the non-GDM women at 5-10 year follow up.

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