The general development of the tongue in birds was described by Lillie (1908) in chicken. Bryk et al. (1992) also studied the tongue development in chicken and they observed development of the conical papillae of the body. Our study aims to describe the timing of the development of the tongue morphological features in the domestic goose by using SEM methods. The tongue of the domestic goose is characterized by the widest variety of shape of the particular part of the tongue and mechanical papillae. Results indicated that the formation of the apex, body, lingual prominence, and the root of the tongue take place between the 10th and 19th day of incubation. The tongue elongates rapidly between the 16th and 18th day of incubation. Simultaneously, the median groove appears on the body and the lingual prominence and elongates towards the rostral part of the tongue. The conical papillae of the tongue develop gradually. On the body, the conical papillae develop from the caudal part of the body to the rostral part and on the lingual prominence from the median part of the prominence to the lateral part. Hair-like papillae at the caudal surface of the body of the tongue remain primordial to the end of the incubation. Our studies on the morphogenesis of the tongue in the domestic goose revealed changes in shape of the particular part of the tongue and rapid pace of the formation of mechanical papillae. The tongue is completely develop before hatching and ready to collect food.
The study describes the morphology and topography of internal reproductive organs in the domestic cat from the early prenatal period to maturity, using macroscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Fiftyseven female cat fetuses aged between the 27th and 63rd day postconception (p.c.), two newborn cats, three juveniles (3-month-old) cats, and three mature (12-month-old) cats were used in the study. The age of fetuses was determined on the basis of the growth curve for the domestic cat. The rudiments of cat ovaries develop on the ventral surface of the mesonephroi and within 30 days p.c. move to the sides of the abdominal cavity, which is similar to the position of the ovaries in the adult cat. The mesonephroi regress at about the 50th day p.c., when the residual mesonephric ducts are still found in the lower part of the body of the uterus. The paramesonephric ducts develop on the lateral surface of the mesonephroi and by the 45th day p.c., differentiate into the uterine tubes and the uterus.
The study focused on the description of pig gallbladder angioarchitecture, with particular emphasis on the specifics of the course of blood vessels in individual layers of the gallbladder wall. Furthermore, the vascular systems of the pig gallbladder were analyzed in terms of the adaptation of this organ to changes in its volume during cyclical bile storage and discharge. The gallbladder is supplied by the cystic artery, which in the pig represents a mixed pinnate and bipinnate pattern of branching. The light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations of three-dimensional vascular corrosion casts showed the presence of two main complex vascular networks in the wall of the gallbladder, one located in the subserosal and the other in the mucosa. The unique features in the pig, connected with the size of the gallbladder, is the well-developed horizontal venous plexus under folds of the mucosa, which is a voluminous reservoir of fluids absorbed from bile and vascular networks around mucous glands. Superficial blood vessels of the gallbladder run in vascular pairs or triads, where a single artery runs between two veins. The structures of blood flow control, that is, venous valves, were observed only in venules of the subserosal plexus. Spatial arrangement of the vascular network in the pig gallbladder shows functional plasticity during changes in gallbladder volume. The course of superficial blood vessels in the well-filled gallbladder is arcuate, while in the empty gallbladder it is undulated or spiral. In the mucosal and intramural vessels the direction of blood vessels may change from perpendicular to oblique.
The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, also called seven-transmembrane receptor, 7TMRs, or heptahelical receptor) are a conserved family of seven transmembrane receptors which are essential not only in the healthy heart and blood vessels but also in for treatment and therapy of cardiovascular disease and failure. Heart failure is a global leading cause of morbidity and death and as such understanding 7TMRs, their functions, structures and potential for therapy is essential. This review will investigate the roles of the receptors in the healthy functioning cardiovascular system, and in cardiac disorders with an emphasis in cardiomyopathy. It will also explore the role of autoimmunity and autoantibodies against the G-protein-coupled receptors in cardiomyopathy.
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