Endometrial cancer develops as a result of abnormal cell growth associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation, excessive activation of signaling pathways and miRNA activity. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profile of genes associated with cell proliferation and to assess which miRNAs can participate in the regulation of their expression. The study enrolled 40 patients with endometrial cancer and 10 patients without neoplastic changes. The expression profile of genes associated with cell proliferation and the expression profile of miRNAs were assessed using microarrays. RT-qPCR was performed to validate mRNA microarray results. The mirTAR tool was used to identify miRNAs that regulate the activity of genes associated with cell proliferation. Decreased expression of IGF1 and MYLK, as well as SOD2 overexpression, were observed in endometrial cancer using both mRNA microarrays and RT-qPCR. Microarray analysis showed low levels of NES and PRKCA, but this was only partially validated using RT-qPCR. Reduced activity of MYLK may be caused by increased miR-200c, miR-155 and miR-200b expression. Cell proliferation is disturbed in endometrial cancer, which may be associated with an overexpression of miR-200a, miR-200c, and miR-155, making it a potential diagnostic marker.
Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a molecular reprogramming that leads to an increased ability to migrate, which can promote invasion and metastasis. EMT can be initiated in response to the activity of signaling pathways such as Wnt as well as miRNAs. Methods: The study material consisted of 50 endometrial samples: 40 with diagnosed endometrial cancer and 10 without neoplastic changes. Expression profile of EMT-related genes was assessed with microarrays and validated by RT-qPCR. MicroRNA expression profiling was performed using microarrays. It was also determined which miRNAs may participate in the expression regulation of EMT-related genes. Results: CDH1 overexpression was observed in all three endometrial cancer grades using both mRNA microarrays and RTqPCR. Microarray experiment showed a decrease in CDH2 level regardless of the endometrial cancer grade, however it was only partially validated with RT-qPCR. Low levels of WNT2, WNT4, WNT5A have also been observed. Decreased expression of WNT2 and WNT5A may be caused by miR-331-3p and miR-200b-5p, respectively. Conclusions: The Wnt signaling is disrupted in endometrial cancer, which may be due to miR-331-3p and miR-200b-5p activity. In addition, a change in WNT5A level in endometrial cancer compared to control may indicate that it acts as a suppressor gene and that its low expression is associated with tumor progression.
Mirror syndrome, or Ballantyne syndrome (BS), was described for the first time in 1892 by John W. Ballantyne. It is classically defined as triple oedema: association of foetal, placental and maternal oedema. In this syndrome, a pregnant woman with hydrops fetalis reflects (as in a mirror) the signs present in the foetus and develops symptoms similar to those displayed by the foetus. Mirror syndrome is not a widely described disease, its prevalence is unknown and there are relatively few literature reports of the condition. It coexists with various pathologies of pregnancy and structural anomalies of the foetus and placenta; it may occur after viral infections during pregnancy. The pathogenesis of Ballantyne syndrome remains unexplained and there is a wide variety of clinical signs. There exist theories for the pathomechanism of the syndrome, but none of them is fully satisfactory. Mirror syndrome is potentially life-threatening and is associated with increased foetal mortality and maternal morbidity. The treatment of choice for mirror syndrome in the mother is the treatment of oedema in the foetus, as the aetiology of the condition suggests. In mirror syndrome, the prognosis for the foetus is unfavourable and many cases end with intrauterine death. The treatment of hydrops fetalis, regardless of its cause, often leads to the resolution of symptoms in the mother, and, at the same time, better prognosis for the foetus.
Płynna biopsja polega na molekularnej analizie płynnego materiału biologicznego uzyskanego metodą nieinwazyjną lub minimalnie inwazyjną. Ta nowatorska metoda jest wykorzystywana w różnych dziedzinach medycyny, a szczególnie często w onkologii, w tym w diagnostyce raka endometrium, który jest jednym z najczęściej diagnozowanych nowotworów ginekologicznych na świecie. Rak endometrium stanowi poważny problem medyczny i społeczny, co skłania badaczy do poszukiwania nowych metod diagnostycznych, a także obiecujących celów dla terapii ukierunkowanej molekularnie. W przypadku tego nowotworu materiałem służącym do badań mogą być m.in. krążące komórki nowotworowe, krążące DNA guza, egzosomy, pozakomórkowe RNA, pozakomórkowe mikroRNA oraz nowotworowo przekształcone płytki krwi. Potencjalne wykorzystanie kliniczne materiałów pochodzących z płynnej biopsji obejmuje najczęściej ustalenie rozpoznania choroby nowotworowej, wybór terapii, prognozę wyników leczenia, monitorowanie przebiegu odpowiedzi na terapię, obserwację ewolucji guza, wykrywanie choroby resztkowej oraz wykrywanie oporności na leczenie. Przeprowadzenie płynnej biopsji w raku endometrium jest możliwe z wykorzystaniem różnorodnego materiału biologicznego, w tym krwi (osocze, surowica), popłuczyn z jamy macicy, moczu i popłuczyn z jamy otrzewnej. Płynna biopsja może się okazać wielką rewolucją w diagnostyce raka endometrium i jest uważana za potencjalną ścieżkę do wprowadzenia medycyny spersonalizowanej.Słowa kluczowe: płynna biopsja, rak endometrium, pozakomórkowe kwasy nukleinowe, egzosomy, mikroRNA Liquid biopsy involves molecular analysis of liquid biological material obtained by non-invasive or minimally invasive methods. This innovative method has been used in various fields of medicine, especially in oncology, including the diagnosis of endometrial cancer which is one of the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic cancers across the world. Since endometrial cancer is a serious medical and social problem, researchers are on the lookout for new diagnostic methods as well as novel targets for molecularly targeted therapy. Materials with potential applications in analyses include circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, cell-free RNA, cell-free microRNAs and tumor-educated platelets. Materials obtained by liquid biopsy may have a variety of clinical uses in cancer diagnosis, selection of therapy, prediction of treatment prognosis, monitoring of therapeutic response, tracing the pattern of tumor evolution, detection of minimal residual disease, and determination of resistance to treatment. Liquid biopsy in endometrial cancer can be performed using different biological materials including blood (plasma, serum), uterine lavage fluid, urine, and peritoneal lavage fluid. Liquid biopsy may prove to be a truly revolutionary method in the diagnostic work-up for endometrial cancer, and it is considered to be a step forward on the path towards personalized medicine.
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