Background: Exercise is believed to play an important role in maintaining functionality in patients with HIV and it is thought that researchers are increasingly interested in this field. We aimed to shed light on the historical development of research on HIV and exercise by utilizing visual mapping method. Methods: Overall, 1051 articles retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) core database were analyzed according to the publication year and language, number of issues, citation, country collaborations, co-citation networks and concept–topic trends by using CiteSpace software. Results: The United States played a key role in country collaborations, and had the highest citation burst. The most cited studies were meta-analysis studies. The studies gathered mainly around the clusters named “physical activity” and “metabolic abnormalities” meanwhile, the recent topics of research were heart failure, metabolism, comorbidity, Ethiopia, muscle, cardiovascular event and drug user. Conclusion: The reason why USA was found to be one of the key actors in the network is supposed to be the financial resources it can allocate for the studies conducted. It appears that the majority of the studies in the field dwell upon the impact of exercise on the physical parameters in HIV patients, whereas there are only a limited number of studies focusing on the impact of exercise on HIV-induced psychological and cognitive problems. Recent studies on neurocognitive impairment, on the other hand, are predictive of possible future popularity of such topics among researchers.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Rekreasyonda Algılanan Sağlık Çıktıları Ölçeğinin (RASÇÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik değerlerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma örneklemini oluşturan ilk grup; bir platformun düzenli olarak organize ettiği açık hava rekreasyon etkinliğine katılan ve düzenli olarak haftada en az iki kez koşan 166 kadın ve 179 erkek olmak üzere toplam 345 katılımcıdan (kadınyaş ort=31.59±9.36, erkekyaş ort=34.36±11.10, toplamyaş ort=33.02±10.38 yıl), ikinci grup ise 91 kadın ve 109 erkek olmak üzere toplam 200 katılımcıdan (kadınyaş ort=33.24±8.71, erkekyaş ort =33.18±9.03, toplamyaş ort=33.21±8.87 yıl) oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin dil geçerliliği süreçlerinden sonra RASÇÖ’nün yapı geçerliğini sınamak amacıyla birinci grupta uygulanan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları; yapının üç faktörlü olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna göre birinci faktör toplam varyansın %25.98’ini; ikinci faktör toplam varyansın %22.30’unu ve üçüncü faktör toplam varyansın %18.05’ini açıklamakta ve toplam varyansın %66.34’ünü açıkladığı saptanmıştır. RASÇÖ’nün üç faktörlü yapısının düzenli egzersiz yapan bireyler üzerinde doğrulanıp doğrulanmadığını ortaya koymak için yapılan Doğrulayıcı Faktör analizi sonuçları ise yapıyı desteklemektedir. Birinci düzey DFA analizi, RASÇÖ’nün orijinal formundaki gibi üç faktörlü yapısını doğrulamış ve Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan ölçek maddelerinin orijinal formdaki maddeler ile örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Birinci ve ikinci düzey DFA analizi sonuçlarından elde edilen uyum indekslerinin hem kabul edilebilir ve mükemmel uyum indeksleri arasında yer aldığı hem de birbirine yakın olduğu saptanmıştır ve uyum yeterliğinin iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin üç alt boyutu için hesaplanan Cronbach alfa ve bileşik güvenirlik katsayıları ölçeğin güvenilir olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak; RASÇÖ Türkçe versiyonunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olarak serbest zaman ve rekreasyon araştırmalarında kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

Background: Research handling structural differences among groups presume that the measurement tool works similarly among the groups and the results of measurements provide similar psychometric properties. Therefore, the aim of the study is to provide evidence for measurement invariance of the construct validity Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS). Methods: The research sample consisted of a total of 1984 adults who exercise, including 864 women and 1120 men during 2021- 2022 in Antalya City, Turkey. The MI of the PHORS was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, which test the invariance of the covariance structures within the scope of structural equation modelling. Invariance tests were gradually conducted for the implicit variables in the model, CFI (comparative fit index criteria) and AIC (Akaike information criterion) were inquired between structural invariance, where no restriction was applied on the analyses and the other invariance tests (metric invariance, scalar invariance and string invariance respectively) where more restraints are applied. Results: The study yielded evidence showing that the measurement model defined for the factor structure of the scale provided measurement invariance by gender. ∆CFI values were ≤0.010 in all subscales for metric and scalar invariance. Conclusion: The items of PHORS represented the same psychological structure, different groups responded to the items in the same way, the constant values in regression equations generated for the items in regression equations were equal/invariable between the groups.

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Leisure behaviour is an important study area of the literature recently. In apprehending leisure behaviour, perceived freedom in leisure is a significant dimension. The aim of the study is to test validity of "Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (PFLS)" by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Study group of this descriptive research consists of 228 university students. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency coefficient Cronbach's Alpha. As a result of the CFA, modification indexes were examined and items with high error covariance's were matched (e9-e10, e13-e14, e16-e20). After the modification the results were as follows: χ 2 /df(χ 2 /df=1.56) and other fit indexes: AGFI=0.85, GFI=0.87, NFI=0.95, TLI=0.98, CFI=0.98 and RMSEA=0.050. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was found as 0.93. Consequently after the findings, PFLS could be declared to be used in leisure research as a valid and reliable measurement tool with its 25 items and one factor structure.

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Studies which focused on relations between the perception of leisure and well-being concepts are observed frequently in literature. Studies that measure the relationship between "life satisfaction" and "leisure satisfaction" concepts are prominent within these studies. The aim of this study was to get a cumulative result by integrating the findings of the studies examining the same concepts through meta-analysis. For this purpose, academic studies published between 1999 and 2019 were screened and included from several databases. As a result, 21 studies were found fulfilling the inclusion criterion, set by the researchers, in order to retrieve studies presenting a correlation coefficient between variables "life satisfaction" and "leisure satisfaction". This search resulted with a sample size of 83,632. The overall sample consisted of women, disabled individuals, residents of a defined district, university students, immigrants, and adults from various countries. Studies were analyzed by the free trial version of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software 2.0 (CMA 2.0). Findings indicated that leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction showed a positive relationship with a medium level of effect size. Future researchers who will address these concepts in their studies would benefit from conducting moderating analyses to explore how concepts in issue vary depending on the characteristics of the study, such as the sample characteristics.

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