Open pit coal mining is a global problem, because mines occupy large areas that completely change the relief, dramatically affect ecosystems, as a result of which they lose most of their functions, and a significant part of the fertile soil degrades and becomes unsuitable for agricultural activities. In the presented work, the initial stage of soil formation was studied, the parameters of the granulometric composition of uneven-aged rocks of Donbas mine dumps, their nutritional regime, and the species composition of soil algae were studied. Samples were taken from three different-aged rock dumps of the mines: ˮSouth-Donbaska -3ˮ (rock storage for 40 years); ˮSouth-Donbaska -1ˮ (storage of rock for 52 years), ˮTrudovska №5 -bis (storage of rock for more than 100 years). The agrochemical parameters of the rock were determined in the samples: pH water , humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, particle size distribution. The determination of granulometric fractions of 0-20 cm layer of rock dumps of the mines shows, along with the age, a potential increase of the dump of fine fractions and a decrease in the fraction of stones from 83% in the dump of the South-Donbaska mine, and by 30 to 64.7% in the dump of the Trudovska No. 5-bis. The proportion of the clay fraction is not high in all dumps and it does not exceed 1%, but its appearance indicates the initial stage of a soil structure formation. Soil formation begins with the colonization of mineral rocks with soil algae. The species composition of soil algae, the quantitative accounting were determined by microscopy of a freshly selected soil sample and by cultural methods. Algae species were determined by determinants. In the rock dump, the structure of algal groups becomes more similar to, their structure in the background soils of the territory. The dominance of the representatives of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta in the rock indicates the steppe process of soil formation. The data obtained contribute to the expansion of the ecological and biological understanding of the initial stages of the formation of soil cenoses.
Forests perform essential ecological functions -water protection, sanitation, health, recreation, and aesthetics. The research aimed to substantiate the ecological and economic importance of forest resources in the Kyiv region and analyse their rational use and protection. The article shows that the Kyiv region belongs to the regions with an average level of forest cover -592.8 thousand hectares or 22.2%. The level of forest cover is uneven in the area of the Kyiv Forest zone. It is 44%, and in the area of the Forest-Steppe, it is much lower and decreases from north to south. The use of forest resources in the Kyiv region in 2019 amounted to harvesting liquid wood of 999.5 thousand m 2 , and deforestation was carried out on 75.5 thousand hectares. The region's volume of forestry works and services amounted to 8,9 million dollars, and the wood stock makes 90805,9 thousand m 2 . Emphasis is placed on the importance of protecting the Red Book species of plants and fungi that grow in the forests of the Kyiv region. Examples of harmful economic activity in the areas belonging to the nature reserve fund and large-scale fires in April 2020, which covered more than 3.5 thousand hectares of forests in the region and caused damage to forest fauna and flora. The studied region's positive environmental and economic factors have been admitted by planting trees on an area of 2151 hectares and sowing seeds of forest species on an area of 67 hectares in 2020.
The influence of the application of fertilizers with green manure and soil treatment on the yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley has been studied. The aim of the work was to identify the impact of the implemented tillage systems with elements of minimization and fertilization with elements of biologization on the productivity and economic performance of spring barley. It is established that in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the aftereffect of application of high norms of organic and mineral fertilizers on typical chernozem has a positive effect on spring barley yield, increasing it, compared to control, by 0.55–1.10 t/ha per plowing, by 0, 65–1.35 t/ha for deep tillage and 0.55–1.30 t/ha for shallow tillage. It was found that the highest crop yield (3.85 t/ha) was obtained against after shallow tillage and aftereffects of fertilizer application with manure. The use of fertilizers helped to increase the protein content in the grain of spring barley. The influence of tillage systems on the protein content of barley was reliably noted only in the variant of fertilizers with straw & green manure. The use of shallow tillage with organic manure and fertilizer provides a decrease of 142.9 UAH/t of the cost of production, an increase of 886 UAH/ha of net profit and a 21.2% reduction in energy consumption compared to plowing.
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