The preformed metal crowns (PMCs) are prefabricated constructions, used for restoring a severely broken teeth, affected by multisurfice carious lesions.The aim of the current study is to analyze and criticize the contemporary scientific conclusions related to indications, the usage methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the PMCs, used in the treatment protocol in pediatric dentistry.The subject of the analysis is 64 english language papers, published in the period from 1966 to 2017 y.The analysis shows that disadvantages of these restorations are related to the esthetics and previous preparation of the hard tooth tissues. The numerous advantages are related to the mechanical durability; the successful tightness concerning the non-operative sealing of caries and the prophylactic effect related to secondary caries lesion as well as the orthodontic jaw malformations, justify the usage of the PMCs in pediatric dentistry and also explain the need of scientific, clinical research in this domain.

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Dental anxiety and negative behavior are common problems in children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the connection between a child's behaviour in the dental office and premature tooth loss. Methods and materials: Subject of monitoring of the clinical research were 140 school children with mixed dentition. The clinical group consists of 90 children with prematurely extracted teeth. The patients from the clinical group were divided into three groups of 30 patients. The control group consists of 50 children with intact denture. The child's behavior was assessed by the denti using a behavioral scale. А special evaluation form for behavior assessment about the level of negativism of the children was filled by the examining dentist. Frankl's rating scale was used. This scale consists of four stages and each defines specific behavior. Results: There were no definitely negative children in our study. The results show that most of the patients from the control group are positive towards the dental treatment -61.2% and only 14.3% are negative. About 35% of the children with prematurely extracted teeth are positive, most of them -61.3% are negative. Conclusion: Most of the children with prematurely extracted teeth are negative towards dental treatment due to which they are with poor dental health and early tooth loss. The use of behavioural techniques are recommended in order to improve their oral health and to reduce the number of premature extractions.

The premature extraction under general anesthesia differs significantly from the same manipulation made with local anesthesia. The aim of the study is to compare the number, the type and the position of the prematurely extracted deciduous teeth in children treated with local and under general anesthesia. Subjects of monitoring were 60 children. The clinical group consists of 30 children with teeth for premature extraction under general anesthesia and the control group consists of 30 with children for premature extraction under local anesthesia. The dental status was examined and registered by the DMFT. The number and type of these teeth were calculated and registered in special cards. Results: The children from the first group had a greater average number of prematurely extracted teeth per child 3,22 ± 0,28 and for the children from the second group that number is 1,03 ± 0,07. The children from the first group have 23 premature extracted anterior teeth. For the first group of children -55 second temporary molars were prematurely extracted, in the second group -25 teeth. A greater number of deciduous teeth in the lower jaw in the two studied groups of children were prematurely extracted -49 teeth in the first group and 43 teeth for the second group. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the connection between the carious activity, premature tooth loss and the need of prevention of younger children, especially with ECC, where the upper incisors are strongly damaged at a very young age.

Preformed steel crowns are factory-made structures that are used in the restoration of damaged teeth significantly affected by multi-surface carious lesions. They cover the entire clinical crown, which provides reliable prevention of the occurrence of secondary caries. Placing the conventional steel crowns require some preliminary preparation of the tooth, which may be relatively difficult for the clinician when working with younger patients. Indications for PMCs usage on primary teeth are: prior pulp therapy; need for restorations of multi-surface caries and patients at high caries risk; primary teeth with developmental defects; where an amalgam is likely to fail; fractured teeth; teeth with extensive wear; abutment for space maintainer. However, the use of preformed crowns with minimal invasive treatments, such as the Hall technique, allows for these crowns to be used more often in the everyday practice of children's dentists. Тhey are the most resistant in terms of mechanical strength in time of all obturation materials and should be an option for the restoration of temporary dentition, especially in children with high risk of caries. The Hall technique represents a minimally invasive method to control the carious process, wherein the metal preformed crown is placed directly on carious lesions of deciduous molars, with or without partial removal of carious mass and without any preparation of the affected tooth. Preformed metal crowns are the best method for the management of small to mediumcarious lesions of class II on temporary molars. Keywords: indications, preformed metal crowns, carious lesionsPreformed steel crowns are factory-made structures that are used in the restoration of damaged teeth significantly affected by multi-surface carious lesions. They cover the entire clinical crown, which provides reliable prevention of the occurrence of secondary caries. Placing the conventional steel crowns requires some preliminary preparation of the tooth, which may be relatively difficult for the clinician when working with younger patients. Stainless steel crowns are used on the back teeth and are silver in color. Stainless

AIM: The aim of this article is to present a review of the literature data about the possibilities of CAD-CAM technology usage in pediatric dentistry. METHODS: An electronic search of the literature from 2005 to 2018 was performed using two databases: Medline/PubMed and Embase. RESULTS: The first computer system helping with restorations-CEREC (initially Siemens, now Sirona) was implemented about 30 years ago. Many systems are already available to use both in the dental office and the technician's laboratory. Now every type of ceramic material can be used in a restoration for almost all indications of aesthetic dentistry. The functional and aesthetic restorations for severely damaged primary and permanent children's teeth require materials which must be biocompatible, mechanically durable during mastication and with unchanging colour. In the literature data there are evidences about Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology usage in pediatric dentistry for dental restorations of extensive carious lesions, eroded and abraded teeth, primary teeth with absence of a permanent successor, dental dysplasia or dental trauma of hard tooth tissues. CONCLUSION: Ceramic materials and CAD/CAM technologies are increasingly being used in aesthetic dentistry both in adults and children.

The carious activity of parents is a risk factor for carious lesions and premature extraction in children. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the DMFT index of the parents and premature tooth loss in their children. Methods and materials: The study covers 140 children between 6 and 9 years old. The control group consists of 50 children and the clinical group consists of 90 children with prematurely extracted teeth. The patients from the clinical group were divided into three groups of 30 patients. А special questionnaire was filled by the parents of the examined children about their own dental status. We determine the dental condition of the parents as good when they have DMFT index less than 3; as satisfactory -DMFT -3 or 4; and as bad -DMFT more than 4. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of groups depending on the condition of the teeth of parents (P = 0.001 for the mothers and P < 0.0001 for the fathers). While in the control group the condition of the teeth of the parents is good or satisfactory, in the groups with prematurely extracted teeth, a significant proportion of the parents are with bad dental status. Conclusions: The results are indicative of the possibility of the presence of a genetic predisposition for caries activity, respectively risk of premature tooth loss, as in the children from the study group or lack of caries protective behavior in the families.