IntroductionShort chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main intestinal intermediate and end products of metabolism of dietary fibers/polyphenols by the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological implication of stool SCFA profiles determined in the first year of life on the clinical presentation of allergic outcomes in childhood.MethodsFrom the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, a sub-cohort of 75 participants was recruited. Scheduled questionnaire data was collected for cumulative prevalence of physician-diagnosed eczema, wheezing with the use of nebuliser, and allergen sensitization till the age of 8 years. Stool samples collected at week 3 and months 3, 6 and 12 were quantitated for 9 SCFAs using LC/MS/MS. SCFA data were grouped into lower (below the 25th) and higher (above the 75th percentiles) categories. Generalized Linear Mixed Models was employed to analyse longitudinal association between SCFAs and atopy-related outcomes.ResultsChildren with lower stool butyric acid levels (≤25th percentile) over the first 3 time points had higher odds ratio (OR) for wheezing (adjOR = 14.6), eczema (adjOR = 13.2), food sensitization (adjOR = 12.3) and combined outcomes of both wheezing and eczema (adjOR = 22.6) till age 8 years, compared to those with higher levels (≥75 percentile). Additionally, lower longitudinal levels of propionic acid (≤25th percentile) over 4 time points in first year of life was associated with recurrent wheezing (≥2 episodes) till 8 years (adjOR = 7.4) (adj p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest that relatively low levels of gut SCFAs in early life are associated with increased susceptibility to atopic-related outcomes in childhood.

Table of ContentsA1 Pirfenidone inhibits TGF-b1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblastsJae-Min Shin, Heung-Man Lee, Il-Ho ParkA2 The efficacy of a 2-week course of oral steroid in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria refractory to antihistaminesHyun-Sun Yoon, Gyeong Yul ParkA3 The altered distribution of follicular t helper cells may predict a more pronounced clinical course of primary sjögren’s syndromeMargit ZeherA4 Betamethasone suppresses Th2 cell development induced by langerhans cell like dendritic cellsKatsuhiko Matsui, Saki Tamai, Reiko IkedaA5 An evaluation of variousallergens in cases of allergic bronchial asthma at lucknow and neighbouring districts by intradermal skintestDrsushil Suri, Dranu SuriA6 Evaluation ferqency of ADHD in childhood asthmaMarzieh Heidarzadeh AraniA7 Steven johnson syndrome caused by typhoid fever in a childAzwin Lubis, Anang EndaryantoA8 Chronic Bronchitis with Radio Contrast Media Hypersensitivity: A Case with Hypothesized GINA Step 1 AsthmaShinichiro KogaA9 The association between asthma and depression in Korean adult : An analysis of the fifth korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2010-2012)Lee Ju SukA10 Management of allergic disease exacerbations in pregnancyYasunobu TsuzukiA11 Subcutaneous immunotherapy mouse model for atopic dermatitisSeo Hyeong Kim, Jung U Shin, Ji Yeon Noh, Shan Jin, Shan Jin, Hemin Lee, Jungsoo Lee, Chang Ook Park, Kwang Hoon Lee, Kwang Hoon LeeA12 Atopic disease and/or atopy are risk factors for local anesthetic allergy in patients with history of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs?Fatma Merve TepetamA13 Food hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis in KoreaChun Wook Park, Jee Hee Son, Soo Ick Cho, Yong Se Cho, Yun Sun Byun, Yoon Seok Yang, Bo Young Chung, Hye One Kim, Hee Jin ChoA14 Anaphylaxis caused by an ant (Brachyponera chinensis) in JapanYoshinori Katada, Toshio Tanaka, Akihiko Nakabayashi, Koji Nishida, Kenichi Aoyagi, Yuki Tsukamoto, Kazushi Konma, Motoo Matsuura, Jung-Won Park, Yoshinori Harada, Kyoung Yong Jeong, Akiko Yura, Maiko YoshimuraA15 Anti-allergic effect of anti-IL-33 by suppression of immunoglobulin light chain and inducible nitric oxide synthaseTae-Suk Kyung, Young Hyo Kim, Chang-Shin Park, Tae Young Jang, Min-Jeong Heo, Ah-Yeoun Jung, Seung-Chan YangA16 Food hypersensitivity in patients with chronic urticaria in KoreaHye One Kim, Yong Se Cho, Yun Sun Byun, Yoon Seok Yang, Bo Young Chung, Jee Hee Son, Chun Wook Park, Hee Jin ChoA17 Dose optimizing study of a depigmented polymerized allergen extract of phleum pollen by means of conjunctival provocation test (CPT)Angelika Sager, Oliver PfaarA18 Correlation of cutaneous sensitivity and cytokine response in children with asthmaAmit Agarwal, Meenu Singh, Bishnupda Chatterjee, Anil ChauhanA19 Colabomycin E, a Streptomycete-Derived Secondary Metabolite, Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Monocytes/MacrophagesIlja Striz, Eva Cecrdlova, Katerina Petrickova, Libor Kolesar, Alena Sekerkova, Veronika Svachov...

BACKGROUND The rise in prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mirrors the obesity epidemic. NAFLD is insidious but may gradually progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Intervention strategies to ameliorate developmental programming of NAFLD may be more efficacious during critical windows of developmental plasticity. AIM To review the early developmental factors associated with NAFLD. METHODS Databases MEDLINE via PubMed, and EMBASE and Reference Citation Analysis were searched and relevant publications up to April 30, 2021 were assessed. Original research studies that included risk factors associated with early development of NAFLD in human subjects were included. These factors include: Maternal factors, intrauterine and prenatal factors, post-natal factors, genetic and ethnic predisposition, childhood and adolescence environmental factors. Studies were excluded if they were review articles or animal studies, case reports or conference abstracts, or if NAFLD was not clearly defined and assessed radiologically. RESULTS Of 1530 citations identified by electronic search, 420 duplicates were removed. Of the 1110 citations screened from title and abstract, 80 articles were included in the final analysis. Genetic polymorphisms such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) and membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 7 (MBOAT7) were associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Familial factors such as maternal obesogenic environment and parental history of hepatic steatosis was associated with offspring NAFLD. Longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding in infancy was associated with a lower risk of developing NAFLD later in life while metabolic dysfunction and/or obesity in adolescence was associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Studies relating to socioeconomic factors and its association with NAFLD reported confounding results. CONCLUSION Maternal metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy, being exclusively breastfed for a longer time postnatally, diet and physical activity in childhood and adolescence are potential areas of intervention to decrease risk of NAFLD.

Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common disorder of gut-brain interaction affecting between 4 to 10% of the global population. 1 The cardinal clinical features include cyclic abdominal pain associated with change in bowel habits. The pathophysiology of IBS is not well understood and is postulated to represent an intricate relationship between low-grade inflammation, altered gut microbiota, impaired mucosal barrier, and visceral hypersensitivity. Today, a key challenge in making the diagnosis of IBS is the absence of biomarkers, which can help to guide diagnosis. Current diagnostic criteria used to positively identify IBS are symptom-based

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BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest a link between eczema and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but underlying mechanisms have not been examined.ObjectiveWe aim to investigate the association between eczema and subsequent ADHD symptoms in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes cohort and explore the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and gut microbiome.MethodsThe modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV were administered to assess reported eczema within the first 18 months and presence of ADHD symptoms at 54 months, respectively. Skin prick testing at 18 months, cytokines in maternal blood during pregnancy and cord blood and the mediating role of the gut microbiome at 24 months were assessed.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, eczema with or without a positive skin prick test was associated with doubling the risk of ADHD symptoms. No differences in maternal and cord blood cytokines were observed in children with and without eczema, or children with and without ADHD. Gut microbiome dysbiosis was observed in children with eczema and children with ADHD. Children with eczema also had lower gut bacterial Shannon diversity. However, the relationship between eczema and ADHD was not mediated by gut microbiome.ConclusionEarly life eczema diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of subsequent ADHD symptoms in children. We found no evidence for underlying inflammatory mechanism or mediation by gut microbiome dysbiosis. Further research should evaluate other mechanisms underlying the link between eczema and ADHD.Clinical Trial Registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01174875], identifier [NCT01174875].

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