No abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common inherited neurodegenerative disorder among polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases caused by cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene whose translation results in polyQ stretch in the N-terminus of the huntingtin protein (HD protein). This mutation significantly affects huntingtin conformation, proteolysis, PTMs, as well as its ability to bind interacting proteins. As a consequence, a variety of cellular mechanisms such as transcription, mitochondrial energy metabolism, axonal transport, neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and immune response are altered and involved in the pathogenesis of HD. Promising candidate molecular biomarkers of HD have emerged from proteomic studies. Recent analyses focused on HD protein itself, its PTM, and interacting proteins, which are of great importance for disease course. Furthermore, brain, body fluids, and immune system are intensively studied in order to search for additional proteins with a view to their use as a biomarker(s) or set of biomarkers in clinical trials in HD translational research.

Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating disorders and the demands on their treatment are set to rise in connection with higher disease incidence. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal profile of cellular protein expression during neural differentiation and definition of a set of markers highly specific for targeted neural populations is a key challenge. Intracellular proteins may be utilized as a readout for follow-up transplantation and cell surface proteins may facilitate isolation of the cell subpopulations, while secreted proteins could help unravel intercellular communication and immunomodulation. This review summarizes the potential of proteomics in revealing molecular mechanisms underlying neural differentiation of stem cells and presents novel candidate proteins of neural subpopulations, where understanding of their functionality may accelerate transition to cell replacement therapies.

Process of lead-free soldering is deeply monitored starting from July 2006, when RoHS directive was activated. The goal of the work was to analyze influence of 4 control parameters of a process of lead-free soldering on bridging and filling of through holes on a test board.Following control parameters (factors) were taken into account: the solder temperature, the time of a contact between the soldered area and solder, the preheating temperature and flux wettability. Every factor was used in 3 levels. Taguchi orthogonal array of the type L9 was used for process analysis. The analysis showed that bridging is influenced with the preheating temperature and with the time of a contact between solder and a pad dominantly, influence of the solder temperature is minimal. The filling of the through hole depends above all on the preheating temperature; influence of other control parameters is low. It has been also confirmed effectiveness of the use of Taguchi orthogonal array in comparison with full factorial experiments.