Highlights d How the human brain supports navigation in an odorous landscape is poorly understood d Subjects learn to orient within a 2D intensity space defined by two different odors d Odor navigation elicits grid-cell-like activity in prefrontal and entorhinal cortices d Findings suggest a mechanism by which the brain constructs olfactory cognitive maps

Slow-wave sleep is an optimal opportunity for memory consolidation: when encoding occurs in the presence of a sensory cue, delivery of that cue during sleep enhances retrieval of associated memories. Recent studies suggest that cues might promote consolidation by inducing neural reinstatement of cue-associated content during sleep, but direct evidence for such mechanisms is scant, and the relevant brain areas supporting these processes are poorly understood. Here, we address these gaps by combining a novel olfactory cueing paradigm with an object-location memory task and simultaneous EEG-fMRI recording in human subjects. Using pattern analysis of fMRI ensemble activity, we find that presentation of odor cues during sleep promotes reactivation of category-level information in ventromedial prefrontal cortex that significantly correlates with post-sleep memory performance. In identifying the potential mechanisms by which odor cues selectively modulate memory in the sleeping brain, these findings bring unique insights into elucidating how and what we remember.

Cognitive control involves multifaceted top-down attentional functions that detect, monitor, and resolve conflict in order to facilitate goal-oriented behavior in daily life circumstances (Miller & Cohen, 2001). According to theories of cognitive development in bilinguals, cognitive control processes in bilinguals have adapted to meet the language demands of their transactional environment, leading to structural and functional differences in the brain (Green & Abutalebi, 2013;Grundy et al., 2017;Vinerte & Sabourin, 2019). When bilinguals speak in one language, there is activation of the representation of the object or concept in their other language, which can create interference in processing the message

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