Neural differences in the temporal cascade of reactive and proactive control for bilinguals and monolinguals

Abstract

Cognitive control involves multifaceted top-down attentional functions that detect, monitor, and resolve conflict in order to facilitate goal-oriented behavior in daily life circumstances (Miller & Cohen, 2001). According to theories of cognitive development in bilinguals, cognitive control processes in bilinguals have adapted to meet the language demands of their transactional environment, leading to structural and functional differences in the brain (Green & Abutalebi, 2013;Grundy et al., 2017;Vinerte & Sabourin, 2019). When bilinguals speak in one language, there is activation of the representation of the object or concept in their other language, which can create interference in processing the message

A Novel Perspective on the Proactive and Reactive Controls of Executive Function in Chronic Stroke Patients

“…A study conducted by Roussel and Martinaud ( 16 ) indicated that in post-stroke participants, the dysexecutive profile was characterized by prominent impairments of motor initiation and generation with anticipation loss in the behavioral domain. In addition, several studies reported that proactive control is a sustained top-down attentional control ( 11 , 13 , 26 ). Manard et al found that impaired proactive control of elderly people was related to a reduction in sustained neural activity at the frontal cortex ( 26 ).…”

“…Manard et al found that impaired proactive control of elderly people was related to a reduction in sustained neural activity at the frontal cortex ( 26 ). The sustained neural activity was related to sustained attention ( 11 , 13 ). Patients with stroke were reported to have sustained attention deficits ( 17 , 27 ), which could reduce the ability to expect and prepare for an upcoming stimulus ( 28 ).…”

“…Proactive control impairment is presented as the inability to employ the information conveyed by the cue to prepare for a response to resolve an upcoming conflict, which required working memory and sustain attention ( 8 , 11 ). Execution of a functional movement requires an extent of motor anticipation ( 12 ), which was comparable to that in the proactive control of the DMC model ( 13 ).…”