During recent years, fathers' involvement has been addressed as a key source of family well‐being and positive child development. However, the pathways to father involvement and its consequences for child development are varied, influenced by social, cultural, and ecological variables, and lack a systematic integration. This paper aims to bridge this gap by offering a systematic review of studies examining the psychosocial processes of father involvement during early childhood over the last 10 years. A database search was performed using a combination of relevant keywords, leading to identification of 3,655 articles, with 109 manuscripts assessed for eligibility, and finally 86 included. Most of the studies examine determinants of father involvement, with an emerging number of studies relying on the father's assessment and longitudinal designs. Nevertheless, the focus on White middle‐class families is dominant, leaving unexplored father involvement in other cultures and contexts. The findings are analyzed aiming to open new avenues for future research.
RESUMO.A gravidez precoce pode ser entendida como fator de risco ou proteção no adolescente. É crescente a necessidade de pesquisas que aprofundem os aspectos envolvidos nessa questão. Este estudo exploratório-descritivo teve como objetivo identificar as diferenças existentes entre um grupo de adolescentes que viveu a experiência de gravidez durante a adolescência. A amostra foi composta por 1015 jovens de nível socioeconômico baixo de Porto Alegre, com 14-24 anos, de ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se um questionário com 109 questões que abordam aspectos da vida juvenil: drogas, sexualidade, religiosidade, escola. Observou-se maior número de participantes do sexo feminino 52.3% contra 47.7% do sexo masculino. 53.5% dos jovens já iniciou a vida sexual, dentre estes, 64.6% eram homens. A idade média para a primeira relação foi significativamente menor para eles (M=13.64 anos; dp=1.7) do que para elas (M=14.79 anos; dp=1.4). Os resultados revelam um percentual esperado para gravidez e aborto em jovens de nível socioeconômico baixo, quando comparado a outros estudos. Sobressai a baixa idade para a primeira relação sexual e o fato de que cerca de ¼ da amostra apresentar uso irregular de métodos contraceptivos. Discute-se sobre uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e aborto, associadas à saúde do adolescente. Palavras-chave:Gravidez; adolescência; risco e proteção.ABSTRACT. Early pregnancy has been widely understood as a risk factor, moreover, in some cases, it has been considering as a protective factor. Thus, more studies among this population should be done, looking for the variables involving such question. This exploratory-descriptive study had as aim to identify the existent differences among a group of adolescents that lived the pregnancy experience. Participants were 1015 low SES young people from Porto Alegre, aged between 14-24, males and females. A questionnaire with 109 questions was used asking about major domains of life: drug use, sexuality, religiosity, school. There were more females 52.3% than males 47.7% in the sample. Most of the participants already had their first sexual intercourse, 53.5%, most of them males (64.6%). The average for first sexual intercourse was lower for males (M=13.64; dp=1.7) than females (M=14.79; dp=1.4). Results indicate an expected rate of pregnancy and abortion for low SES young. We stress the low age for first sexual intercourse and the fact that ¼ of our sample has an irregular contraceptive method. We discuss about contraceptive method and abortion linked to the adolescents health.
Objectives. Class-based dehumanization in health is poorly investigated. Beliefs about social class are often shared across cultures, with people of lower socio-economic status (SES) being typically dehumanized. This study specifically examined how nurses' perceptions of pain patients' SES were associated with (more or less) dehumanizing inferences about their pain and different treatment recommendations.Design. Sequential mixed methods including Similitude Analysis (statistical analysis of qualitative data) and a Thematic Analysis. Fifty female nurses watched short videos of two white women of different SES (low vs. middle) and similar levels of pain behaviours. Afterwards, nurses were asked to complete (1) a Free Association Task (associating characteristics and a profession to the women) and (2) a Story-Completion Task (writing a story describing women's lives, pain, and recommending treatments). Data were analysed with Similitude and Thematic Analysis.Results. The women's SES was recognized, linked to distinct professions, and associated with distinct inferences. The middle-SES woman was depicted with both Uniquely Human (e.g., autonomous) and Human Nature (e.g., communicative) traits, positive future prospects, and competence to self-manage pain. The low-SES woman was associated with Human Nature traits (hard-working) but denied Uniquely Human traits associated with competence; she was imagined as passive towards pain, with poor future prospects and referred to psychoeducation.Conclusion. Findings reveal the role of class-based cultural belief systems in pain care, showing how nurses' recognition of low SES is associated with dehumanizing inferences and recommendations, which may contribute to reproducing pain care disparities. Theoretical implications of these findings for social and health psychology are drawn.
Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar as características associadas à gravidez durante a adolescência em uma população de adolescentes brasileiros de baixa renda (N = 452) com experiência de gravidez (n = 226) e sem esta experiência (n = 226). A média de idade dos participantes foi de 16,86 anos (DP = 1,35) e 64% eram do sexo feminino. Os resultados da análise multivariada revelaram que a gravidez durante a adolescência se associou a: morar com o companheiro, utilização da pílula, menor idade para iniciação sexual, consumo de bebida alcoólica, e menor divisão das tarefas domésticas na família. A gravidez durante a adolescência tende a surgir perante um conjunto de variáveis que expressam a vulnerabilidade do contexto desenvolvimental do(a) adolescente. Essa poderá ser uma importante informação para intervenções dirigidas para esta população, assim como para trabalhos de prevenção de gravidez durante a adolescência.
O presente artigo descreve a importância do afeto como um dos elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento humano e, por isso, considerado como intrínseco à Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano, formulada por Bronfenbrenner. O afeto traduz-se pela capacidade do ser humano estabelecer relações, nas quais se criam vínculos e, por esse motivo, poderá ser descrito como um processo do desenvolvimento ecológico. Assim, neste artigo, a presença do afeto nas relações foi proposta como um elemento imprescindível na efetividade dos processos proximais. Além disso, o afeto foi descrito como um dos fatores que asseguram a continuidade do processo desenvolvimental ao longo das várias fases que compõem o ciclo de vida e poderá ser considerado como o principal componente de superação da mudança, ao longo do desenvolvimento. O afeto, como elemento de desenvolvimento, resulta da interação do indivíduo com o meio em que está inserido. Nessa perspectiva, foi um elemento considerado transversal aos vários sistemas da Abordagem Bioecológica: microssistema, mesossistema, exossistema e macrossistema, nos quais se discutiu a importância do afeto em cada um desses níveis. Por fim, destacou-se a necessidade de estabelecerem-se relações afetivas ao longo do tempo, para que possam ser fortalecidas as capacidades de adaptação às diversas exigências, dificuldades do desenvolvimento humano e, assim, o afeto constitui-se como um elemento que assegura estabilidade e segurança no decorrer desse processo.
Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health‐related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country‐specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture‐specific characteristics of high‐risk populations.
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