SUMMARYPurpose: Epilepsy is highly prevalent in developing countries like Honduras, with few studies evaluating this finding. This population-based study evaluated the impact of an 8-year public health and educational intervention program in reducing symptomatic epilepsies in rural Salamá, Honduras. Methods: We used the capture and recapture method including review of charts, previous databases, key informants from the community, and a second house-to-house survey for epilepsy. Epilepsy incidence and prevalence day after the interventions was May 5, 2005. Residents with active epilepsy with onset after May 1997 were offered neurologic evaluation, electroencephalography, and brain tomography. New data over 8 years were compared to preintervention data from the initial baseline 1997 study utilizing prevalence ratios and confidence intervals. Other calculations utilized chi square or Fisher's exact tests.Key Findings: Thirty-three of 36 patients with onset of active epilepsy after 1997 accepted evaluations to determine etiology. Symptomatic etiology was found in 58.3%. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was again the most frequent cause (13.9%), followed by perinatal insults (11.1%). Epilepsy secondary to NCC was significantly reduced from 36.9% in 1997 (p = 0.02). The incidence (35.7/100,000) and prevalence (11.8/1,000) of active epilepsy were not significantly reduced when compared to the incidence (92.7/ 100,000) and prevalence (15.4/1,000) of active epilepsy in 1997. Significance: Our cohort appears to indicate that health and educational community interventions can reduce preventable epilepsy from NCC in a hyperendemic population in a low-resource, developing country. Plans are underway for the Honduran Government to institute this rural model countrywide.
Haemoglobin I from Lucina pectinata is a monomeric protein consisting of 142 amino acids. Its active site contains a peculiar arrangement of phenylalanine residues (PheB10, PheCD1 and PheE11) and a distal Gln at position E7. Active site mutations at positions B10, E7 and E11 were performed in deoxy haemoglobin I (HbI), followed by 10 ns molecular dynamic simulations. The results showed that the mutations induced changes in domains far from the active site producing more flexible structures than the native HbI. Distance analyses revealed that the heme pocket amino acids at positions E7 and B10 are extremely sensitive to any heme pocket residue mutation. The high flexibility observed by the E7 position suggests an important role in the ligand binding kinetics in ferrous HbI, while both positions play a major role in the ligand stabilisation processes. Furthermore, our results showed that E11Phe plays a pivotal role in protein stability.
Surfactant protein C (SP-C) is a membrane-associated protein essential for normal respiration. It has been found that the alpha-helix form of SP-C can undergo, under certain conditions, a transformation from an alpha-helix to a beta-strand conformation that closely resembles amyloid fibrils, which are possible contributors to the pathogenesis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Molecular dynamics simulations using the NAMD2 package were performed for systems containing from one to seven SP-C molecules to study their behavior in water. The results of our simulations show that unfolding of the protein occurs at the amino terminal, and despite this unfolding, no transition from alpha-helix to beta-strand was observed.
The study of Langmuir monolayers has generated the attention of researchers because of their unique properties and their not well understood phase equilibrium. These monolayers exhibit interesting phase diagrams where the unusual liquid-liquid equilibrium can be observed for a single component monolayer. Monte Carlo computer simulations in the virtual Gibbs ensemble were used to obtain the phase diagram of Langmuir monolayers. The liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase equilibria were considered by constructing the Cailletet-Mathias phase diagrams. By using the Ising model and the rectilinear approximations the identification of the critical properties for both equilibria was determined. These critical parameters were calculated as a function of the strength of the interaction between the surfactant molecules and the aqueous subphase. As a result, we have identified the coexistence between a liquid expanded state (LES)-vapor and the liquid condensed state-LES, in agreement with experimental and theoretical evidence in the literature. We obtained a clear separation of phases and a strong dependence on the strength of the solvent used. Namely, as the interaction between the solvent and the head of the surfactant increases, the critical properties also increase. Equilibrium states were characterized by computing thermodynamic quantities as a function of temperature and solvent strength.
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