The effects of antifoam on the control of foam formation during the demineralization of crab shell in the preparation of chitin were evaluated. Foam formation was markedly controlled by addition of antifoam and decreased with increasing antifoam concentrations. At 1.00 mL of antifoam/L of 1 N HCl, the performance of antifoam was more efficient during demineralization with smaller shell particle size (<0.425 mm) and under a slightly faster stirring speed (300 rpm). Deproteinization followed by demineralization was found to be a more desirable process on the basis of the performance of the antifoam at a lower concentration. Antifoam effectively controlled foam formation during demineralization with deproteinized shell even at a low concentration of 0.33 mL of antifoam/L of 1 N HCl. Results for ash analysis of the shell demineralized without and with antifoam (1.00 mL/L) showed no noticeable difference. Keywords: Foaming control; antifoam; demineralization; chitin preparation
The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) is relatively new in Korea, and it has not been fully evaluated. This study revealed that the JHFRAT had good predictive validity throughout the hospitalization period. However, 2 items (fall history and elimination patterns) on the tool were not determinants of falls in this population. Interestingly, the nurses indicated those 2 items were the most difficult items to assess and needed further training to develop the assessment skills.
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is one of the most common healthcare-acquired infections. It is important to institute preventive measures such as surveillance of the appropriate use of indwelling urinary catheters and timely removal by identifying patients at high risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The purpose of this study was to develop an Automated Risk Assessment System for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and evaluate its predictive validity. This study involved secondary data analysis based on a case-control study and used the data extracted from electronic health records. The Automated Risk Assessment System for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection was developed using a risk-scoring algorithm that was based on a logistic regression model and integrated into the electronic health records. The following eight risk factors for urinary tract infection were included in the logistic regression model: length of stay, admission to the Intensive Care Unit, dependent physical activity, highest neutrophil level (%), lowest blood sodium level of less than 136 mEq/L, lowest blood albumin level of less than 3.5 g/dL, highest blood urea nitrogen level of greater than 20 mg/dL, and indwelling urinary catheter application period (days). The risk groups classified by the Automated Risk Assessment System for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection were automatically displayed on the patient summary screen of the electronic health record. The predictive validity of the Automated Risk Assessment System for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection gradually increased up to the fifth and sixth assessment data after patients' admission; then, it leveled. It is possible to allocate nurses' time and effort for catheter-associated urinary tract infection risk assessment to surveillance of the use, removal, and management of indwelling urinary catheters and education and training by using the Automated Risk Assessment System for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in clinical settings.
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