When coated on top of Ir-based dimensionally stable anodes, binary Bi−Ti oxides could enhance the chlorine evolution reaction (ClER) efficiency for chlor-alkali and mediated water treatment. However, the underlying mechanism and the effects of Bi necessitated further clarification. This study prepared Bi x Ti 10-x O y heterojunction layers on an existing Ir 7 Ta 3 O z anode by thermal decomposition (425 °C) of TiOSO 4 and Bi(NO 3 ) 3 under varied Ti:Bi ratios and precursor matrix (inorganic versus organic solvents). Plain material characterizations (scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction) were performed together with voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis (in 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM HCOONa, and 0.1 M NaClO 4 ). The top Bi x Ti 10−x O y was nominated as the Cl − binding site with Ir 7 Ta 3 O z as the ohmic contact. Bi 12 TiO 20 and β-Bi 2 O 3 (formed at x > 5) on the outer layer could elevate the reactivity of surface bound hydroxyl radicals and the ClER selectivity. However, relatively loosely packed and thick overlayers (due to glycolate and isopropanol in precursor) aggravated the current and energy efficiency of ClER as well as the anodic stability.
A Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is a nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. This system is very difficult to control the temperature and the humidity ratio of a thermal space because of complex nonlinear characteristics. This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy output feedback control based on observer for the nonlinear HVAC system. The nonlinear HVAC system is linearized through dynamic extension. State observers are designed for estimating state variables of the HVAC system. Fuzzy systems are employed to approximate uncertain nonlinear functions of the HVAC system with unavailable state variables. The obtained controller compares with an adaptive feedback controller. Simulation is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed adaptive fuzzy method.
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