Six yeast strains representing two novel Wickerhamiella species were isolated from plants and insects collected in Costa Rica, Brazil, and French Guiana. They belong to a subclade containing Wickerhamiella domercqiae and Wickerhamiella bombiphila, and differ by approximately 12 % in the D1/D2 sequences of the large subunit rRNA gene from these species. The intergenic spacer (ITS) regions of the two novel species differ by around 19 and 27 %, respectively, from those of W. domercqiae. The novel species exhibit 5 % divergence in the D1/D2 sequences among them (around 4 % in the ITS). The names Wickerhamiella dianesei f.a., sp. nov. and Wickerhamiella kurtzmanii f.a., sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate these species, for which a sexual cycle has not been observed. Wickerhamiella dianesei was isolated from the stingless bee, Trigona fulviventris, collected in an Asteraceae flower in Costa Rica, and from leaves of Sabicea brasiliensis (Rubiaceae) and a flower of Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) in Brazil. Wickerhamiellsa kurtzmanii was isolated from a flower of Ipomoea batatoides (Convolvulaceae) in Costa Rica, the surface of a fruit of B. crassifolia in Brazil, and flowers in French Guiana. The type strains are Wickerhamiella dianesei UWOPS 00-107.1 (=CBS 14185=NRRL Y-63789; Mycobank number MB 827008) and Wickerhamiella kurtzmanii UWOPS 00-192.1 (=CBS 15383=NRRL Y-63979; MB 827011).
Abstract Essential oils (EO) from aromatic and medicinal plants generally perform a diverse range of biological activities because they have several active constituents that work in different mechanisms of action. EO from Citrus peel have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses, besides other applications. EO from Citrus reticulata, C. sinensis and C. deliciosa were extracted from fruit peel and analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent of EO under evaluation was limonene, whose concentrations were 98.54%, 91.65% and 91.27% for C. sinensis, C. reticulata and C. deliciosa, respectively. The highest potential of inhibition of mycelial growth was observed when the oil dose was 300 μL. Citrus oils inhibited fungus growth in 82.91% (C. deliciosa), 65.82% (C. sinensis) and 63.46% (C. reticulata). Anti-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum activity of 90% pure limonene and at different doses (20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL) was also investigated. This monoterpene showed to be highly active by inhibiting 100% fungus growth even at 200 and 300 μL doses. This is the first report of the in vitro inhibitory effect of natural products from these three Citrus species and its results show that there is good prospect of using them experimentally to control S. sclerotiorum, in both greenhouse and field conditions.
Brazil, the world's largest citros producer, yields around 19 million tons per year and exports most part of its production as orange juice. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves, fruit and flowers of many species of the genus Citrus have been widely used as the result of their promising bioactivities. The fungus Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., an agent which causes soft rot in fruit, has been considered one of the main factors that cause postharvest diseases, thus, leading to major economic losses in agribusiness. This research aimed at evaluating the chemical composition and in vitro antifungal effect of EOs from two varieties of fresh Citrus sinensis (lima orange and bahia navel orange) peel on mycelial growth of R. stolonifer. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation, which was carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus, while their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Limonene was the major monoterpene identified in EOs from lima orange (95.2%) and bahia navel orange (93.2%) peel. EOs from lima orange and bahia navel orange inhibited 91.95% and 80.05% mycelial growth of R. stolonifer, respectively, at the highest dose under evaluation (100 µL). This study revealed the biotechnological potential of EOs extracted from fruit peel of two varieties of citros which may applied to biofilm preparation, so as to coat and preserve different types of fruit.
O manejo de plantas daninhas com associação de ingredientes ativos tem sido uma alternativa para contornar o problema de biótipos resistentes. Objetivou-se com este trabalho testar moléculas de herbicidas em isoladas e em associação aplicadas em pré-emergência na cultura da soja para o controle de D. insularis em um sistema convencional de produção e com histórico de alta incidência dessa espécie, bem como a avaliação de residual dos herbicidas sobre a cultura do milho semeado em sucessão à soja. Os tratamentos foram: clomazona + carfentrazona etílica; diclosulam; s-metolacloro; trifluralina; imazetapir; sulfentrazona; imazetapir + flumioxazina e flumioxazina. Após 90 dias após a pulverização desses tratamentos, semeou-se a cultura do milho. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de controle das plantas daninhas presentes na área durante o ciclo da cultura da soja, a fitointoxicação e parâmetros biométricos para a cultura do milho. Os dados foram submetidos análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p ≤ 0,05). A mistura comercial de imazetapir + flumioxazina foi eficaz no controle de D. insularis e de outras espécies daninhas monocotiledôneas ou eudicotiledôneas, com residual observado 35 dias após a aplicação. Os tratamentos não causaram injúrias sobre o estande, altura de plantas e produtividade de grãos do milho.
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