This paper documents the experiences of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in developing, and implementing, its fisheries conservation and management measures. Examples are given to show how the provisions of Article II of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention) have been applied in practice. Generally, these provisions strive for an ecosystem-based and precautionary approach to the management of harvested and non-harvested species. Emphasis is given to the development of management measures to deal with: (a) uncertainty associated with new and exploratory fisheries, (b) reduction and elimination (i.e. minimisation) of seabird bycatch in longline fisheries, (c) trade-related measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing on CCAMLR species, and (d) general environmental protection. CCAMLR's achievements are evaluated, potential threats to its future effectiveness are identified and some possible counteractions are offered.
The vast marine area around the Antarctic continent and sub-Antarctic islandsthe Southern Ocean-has been particularly affected by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) 1 fishing for Patagonian Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) since the mid-1990s. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), 2 established by the 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention), 3 has responsibility for fisheries management in the area. In this chapter, we outline CCAMLR's experiences in combating IUU fishing over the past decade and a half. Our analysis provides a brief history-* The views expressed in this chapter do not reflect the official views or decisions of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). The first author thanks the Fridtjof Nansen Institute for financial assistance for his participation in the conference 'The World Ocean in Globalisation: Challenges for Marine Regions'. In preparing this chapter, we have benefited greatly from discussions with, and input from, D.
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