The effect of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaves extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in alloxan induced diabetes was studied. Forty male albino Wistar rats (100-150 g body weight) were used. The rats were randomly selected into four groups containing 10 rats each. Group 1 was the control group and it was placed on normal rat chow. Group 2 was the Spondias mombin (spm) group placed on normal rat chow and given 250 mg/kg extract orally. Group 3 was the alloxan-induced diabetic (150 mg/kg) group (DM) and Group 4 was the diabetic group treated with 250 mg/kg extracts (Dm+spm). At the end of 30 days blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and used for biochemical analysis. Results obtained revealed that blood glucose level in group 3 (Dm) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control but the administration of Spondias mombin leaves extract significantly reduced the blood glucose level (p<0.05). Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly raised in the diabetic group while High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Treatment with extract decreased TC, TG, LDL but significantly increased the HDL level (p<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was increased in the diabetic group and treatment with extract significantly reduced (p<0.05) the level of lipid peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were decreased significantly in the diabetic group. Administration of extracts increased the antioxidant enzymes activities. The result suggests that aqueous extracts of Spondias mombin leaves possess hypoglycemic effects and improve lipid profile of diabetic rats. This effect may be secondary to its ability to reduce oxidative stress.
Intake of thermally oxidized palm oil leads to cytotoxicity and alteration of the potassium ion channel function. This study investigated the effects of fresh and thermally oxidized palm oil diets on blood pressure and potassium ion channel function in blood pressure regulation. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats. Control group received normal feed; fresh palm oil (FPO) and thermally oxidized palm oil (TPO) groups were fed a diet mixed with 15% (weight/weight) fresh palm oil and five times heated palm oil, respectively, for 16 weeks. Blood pressure was measured; blood samples, hearts, and aortas were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Thermally oxidized palm oil significantly elevated basal mean arterial pressure (MAP). Glibenclamide (10 mmol/L) and tetraethylammonium (TEA; 10 mmol/L) significantly raised blood pressure in TPO compared with FPO and control groups. Levcromakalim (10 mmol/L) significantly (p < .01) reduced MAP by 32.0% in FPO and by 5.4% in TPO. NS1619 (10 mmol/L) significantly (p < .01) decreased MAP by 19.5% in FPO and by 8% in TPO. The TPO significantly (p < 0.01) increased the tissue levels of peroxide, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly (p < .01) decreased compared with control and FPO groups. Histological alterations were prominent in aortas and hearts of rats in the TPO group. These results suggest that prolonged consumption of repeatedly heated palm oil increases MAP probably due to the attenuation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (K) and large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (BK) channels, tissue peroxidation, and altered histological structures of the heart and blood vessels.
Learning and memory are vital attributes of human intelligence. These processes underlie the very nature of our self-awareness, planning and execution of task. The number of people living with dementia worldwide is currently estimated at 35.6 million. About 80% of the world’s population depend on herbal remedies to curb mental disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects of administration of ethanolic leaves extract of Gongronema latifolium (GL) on learning and memory in mice. Thirty (30) adult male Swiss white mice were assigned into three groups of ten mice each. Group I served as the control. Groups 2 and 3 received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of GL extract respectively. All the animals were allowed food and water ad libitum. Learning and memory was assessed using the Morris water-maze. Results showed that the swimming latencies during the acquisition and reversal trainings, and probe trial were significantly (p<0.001) decreased in the extract treated groups when compared with the control. The south-east duration was significantly (p<0.001) increased in the extract treated groups when compared with the control group. There was a corresponding decrease (p<0.001) in the south-east duration in the extract treated groups when compared to the control. In conclusion, extract of GL enhances visio-spatial learning and cognitive memory. It could therefore be of therapeutically use in cases of memory loss or impairment. Keywords: Gongronema latifolium, learning, memory, Morris water maze, mice.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the prostrate of male Wistar rats. Twenty five rats weighing between 180-220 g were assigned to five groups (control, olive oil control, low dose, medium dose and high dose) with five animals each. Normal control fed only on rat chow, olive oil control group received 0.5ml of olive oil. The experimental groups, low dose, medium dose and high dose received 500mg/kg body weight, 1000mg/kg body weight, 1500mg/kg body weight of the extract orally for 60days respectively. The animals in the control groups and the experimental groups were weighed before and after the administrations of the ethanolic extracts of Sida acuta using sensitive balance. All animals were sacrificed at end of sixty days of administration using chloroform anesthesia. The prostate glands were dissected and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Morphological result from the study revealed increased final body weight compared to the initial body weight. Histological observations of the prostate showed dose dependent distortion of the normal cytoarchitecture, as the high dose revealed prominent distortion. Hence the study suggests that consumption of Sida acuta at high dose may cause adverse effect on the protrate.
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