The emerging wireless applications have increased the demand of wireless spectrum significantly. Present spectrum assignment is static, due to which problem of spectrum scarcity has been raised. Cognitive Radio (CR) is a promising technology to deal with spectrum scarcity problem, which uses dynamic spectrum allocation to utilize the vacant spectrum. The CR intelligently scans the spectrum in its vicinity and search the vacant spectrum. The optimization of available spectrum is important research challenge in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In this research work, we have optimized the spectrum utility of SUs using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm in order to reduce the interference incurs to primary users (PUs) and as well as among the secondary users (SUs). Moreover, the results are compared with other evolutionary channel assignment algorithms like Fuzzy Logic Ant Colony System (FLACS) and Color Sensitive Graph Coding Method (CSGC). It has been observed that the results of proposed algorithms can further enhance the spectrum utility in CRNs in comparison to FLACS and CSGC.
On chip interconnection networks simplify the challenges of integrating large number of processing elements. Routers are backbone of networks. Buffers and crossbar in router consumes significant area and power of network. They have huge impact on overall performance and cost of network. Dual Xbar router architecture combines buffered and bufferless feature to reduce buffer read/write energy with dual crossbars. While Switch folding technique introduced to reduce wire density and decrease muxes in crossbar by increasing resource utilization. In this paper, we propose Folded Dual Xbar architecture by combining the Dual Xbar and Folding technique in order to get advantages of both architectures. Performance of architectures is implemented and evaluated using OMNET++ platform by applying multiple traffic patterns under different load conditions. We further calculated buffered and bufferless events to estimate the reduction in buffer read/write energy. Simulation results shows that there is slight increase in throughput and reduction in buffer read/write energy by average 46% at high loads in proposed 2-Folded Dual Xbar as compared to conventional architecture. Proposed 3-Folded Dual Xbar results at least 16.6 % increase in throughput as compared to conventional architecture with 43-45% reduced buffer read/write energy but slight increase in crossbar. Throughput of 3-Folded Dual Xbar decreased only by 5-7% as compared to Dual Xbar with distributed wire density advantage..
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