Bacteria were isolated from decayed food samples (tomatoes, cooked beans and rice) collected from Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti (ABUAD) cafeteria and characterized. Some of these isolated microorganisms could pose serious harm to humans including animals and they are normally treated with commercial antibiotics. However, the majority of bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics therefore, the use of plant extracts with therapeutic potential against resistant bacteria is necessary. In this investigation, eight bacteria were isolated from decayed food samples. The bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and B. siamensis from rice sample; Klebsiella oxytoxa, Salimicrobium halophilium and Norcardia brasiliensis from beans sample; Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter taylore, and Brevibacillus agri from tomatoes. The leaf samples of Tectona grandis were screened qualitatively and quantitatively for the phytochemicals while the crude methanol and chloroform extracts were used as antimicrobial agents against the isolated microorganisms. Alkaloids, carotenoids and tannins were present in large amount. The bacterial isolates were more susceptible to commercial antibiotics than that of methanol extracts of T. grandis. The methanol extracts of T. grandis have a higher antimicrobial activity than the chloroform extracts.
The haematological as well as some enzymes biomarkers of albino rats orogastically dosed with different concentrations of Trichoderma viride as well as T. viride subjected to various treatments were evaluated. Generally, red blood cell count, haemoglobin content and packed cell volume of the control group were significantly higher than that of animals dosed with different concentrations of T. viride. The same trend was observed when T. viride was amended with 1% lactose, sodium nitrate and sodium chloride. There were no significant differences in the alanine aspartate, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase values of animals dosed with lower concentrations of T. viride. This study suggests that lower concentration of T. viride could be used in controlling fungal phytopathogens.
Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were isolated from different parts of yellow maize (stem, cob, husk, leaf, root) as well as from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of maize using conventional microbiological techniques. A total number of twenty-six bacteria and thirteen fungi were isolated. The antagonistic efficacies of these isolates were tested against Sclerotium rolfsii, Aspergillus repens, Penicillium notatum and Pythium sp. using streak bioassay, food poisoning and dual culture techniques. None of the bacteria was antagonistic to the test fungi at 25˚C on PDA using streak bioassay. However, there was reduction in the population density of the test fungi using food poisoning technique. The fungal isolates were antagonistic to the test fungi in varying degrees. Generally, S. rolfsii was susceptible to seven out of the eight fungal antagonists while P. notatum was least susceptible. The percentage reduction of S. rolfsii ranged from 40.00 ± 5.78 to 64.07 ± 2.31. Efficacies of chemical fungicides; mancozeb, camazeb and red force at 3 different concentrations-0.05%, 0.1% and 1.0% (w/v) on the test fungi were also determined. No growth of the test fungi was observed at 1% (w/v) of all the fungicides while at lower concentration (0.05%), red force did not have any inhibitory effect. The growth of S. rolfsii was completely inhibited at 0.05% of mancozeb whereas there was reduction in mycelial growth of A. repens. Effect of inoculation time and nutrients (PDA and MEA) was determined on the antagonistic activities of Trichoderma viride. There were significant differences in inhibitory potentials of the two isolates of Trichoderma viride when pre-inoculated on the culture medium. The antagonistic potentials were more pronounced on malt extract agar than potato dextrose agar.
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