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Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly malignant tumors characterized by microvascular proliferation and the pseudopalisading pattern of necrosis. Investigations have, therefore, focused on vascular and endothelial cell biology in GBM. Endocan, also called endothelial cell-specific molecule-1, is a proteoglycan that is secreted by endothelial cells and upregulated by proangiogenic factors. We found that endocan is not only expressed in vitro by endothelial cells but also in the T98G and U118MG human GBM cell lines. In U118MG cells, tumor necrosis factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 upregulated endocan production, whereas exposure to hypoxia or cobalt chloride, an inducer of hypoxia inducible factor 1, increased endocan release without affecting cell viability. Endocan expression in 82 brain tumors was studied by immunohistochemistry. Endocan immunoreactivity was detected in hyperplastic endothelial cells in high-grade gliomas, mostly at the tumor margins; endothelial cells were mostly endocan negative in low-grade gliomas, and it was never detected in the cerebral cortex distant from the tumors. Tumor cells in high-grade but not low-grade gliomas also expressed endocan, and it was detected in palisading cells surrounding areas of necrosis in GBM. Endothelial cell endocan immunoreactivity also correlated with shorter survival in glioma patients. Taken together, these results suggest that endocan is associated with abnormal vasculature in high-grade gliomas.

Peripheral blood and tissue eosinophilia are a prominent feature in allergic diseases and during helminth infections. Eosinophil recruitment also frequently occurs upon mycobacterial infections, particularly in lung granuloma. However, the mechanism by which eosinophils interact with mycobacteria remains largely unknown. Because eosinophils recently have been shown to be involved in innate immune responses, we investigated the direct interactions of eosinophils with Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a study model. We show that live BCG attracts human eosinophils and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis, granule protein release, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣ secretion. Using anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibodies before exposure of eosinophils to BCG, we showed a critical role of TLR2 signaling in ROS and eosinophil peroxidase release. BCG-induced eosinophil activation is mediated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-B pathways. In addition, a mycobacterial wall component, lipomannan, induced a TLR2-dependent eosinophil activation. In addition, we showed that eosinophils express and produce ␣-defensins upon stimulation with BCG and lipomannan and that ␣-defensins could inhibit mycobacterial growth in synergy with eosinophil cationic protein. These results suggest a role for human eosinophils as direct effectors in TLR2-mediated innate immunity against mycobacteria and confer to these cells potent cytotoxic functions through defensin and eosinophil cationic protein production. (Blood. 2009;113:3235-3244) IntroductionTuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide, accounting for 3 million deaths annually. Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus (MTB) infection requires the development of a Th1-type CD4 T-cell response and activation of alveolar macrophages, leading to the formation of lung granuloma. 1 Initial recognition of mycobacteria by the innate immune system through pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contributes to triggering this adaptive immune response. 2 Indeed, cooperation between TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 may contribute to resistance against mycobacteria, 3 and the authors of several studies have shown that mycobacterial components act as TLR agonists. Indeed, lipomannans (LM) and lipoarabinomannans (LAM), lipoglycans that ubiquitously are found in the wall of mycobacteria, are involved in the release of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. 4 Whereas mycobacterial infections are rather associated to Th1 responses, the occurrence of Th2 cytokine responses also has been reported in human tuberculosis. It is suggested that these Th2 responses might depress macrophage immunity and lead to increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. 5 Th2-driven immunity is associated with cell types that seldom are studied during mycobacterial infections. Among them, eosinophils, which are now considered as multifunctional leukocytes, are involved in inflammatory processes as well as in modulation of innate and ad...

These results show that active immunisation with IFN-K induces polyclonal antibodies that neutralise all subtypes of huIFNα as well as IFNα in sera from patients with SLE by breaking humoral but not cellular tolerance to IFNα. This suggests that immunisation with IFN-K is a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SLE.

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In human malaria, children suffer very high rates of morbidity and mortality. To analyze the mechanisms involved in age-dependent protection against malaria, we developed an experimental model of infection in rats, where young rats are susceptible to Plasmodium berghei and adult rats control blood parasites and survive thereafter. In this study, we showed that protection of young rats could be achievable by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from adult protected rats, among which T cells could transfer partial protection. Transcriptome analysis of spleen cells transferring immunity revealed the overexpression of genes mainly expressed by eosinophils and neutrophils. Evaluation of the role of neutrophils showed that these cells were able to transfer partial protection to young rats. This antiparasitic effect was shown to be mediated, at least in part, through the neutrophil protein-1 defensin. Further adoptive transfer experiments indicated an efficient cooperation between neutrophils and T cells in protecting all young recipients. These observations, together with those from in vitro studies in human malaria, suggest that the failure of children to control infection could be related not only to an immaturity of their adaptive immunity but also to a lack in an adequate innate immune response.

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