In the present study, the kinetics of esterification of acetic acid with isobutanol was studied by using Amberlite IR-122 as an acid catalyst. Experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor in dioxane at different temperatures (323 to 348 K) under atmospheric pressure. The equilibrium constant was found to be constant as 4 in the temperatures ranging from 323 to 367 K. The possible mechanism of reaction was mathematically treated using the theories of the Eley-Rideal model based on inhibition by water and isobutanol on the resins. The reaction rate constants and the adsorption coefficients for isobutanol and water were determined from the experimental data at the same temperature intervals. Furthermore, the activation energy of the esterification reaction was found to be 50.5 kJ=mol. The heat of adsorption for isobutanol and water was also calculated as À50.9 kJ=mol and À18.9 kJ=mol, respectively.

The energy dependence of the response of BC-408 plastic scintillator (PS), an approximately water-equivalent material, has been investigated by employing standardized x-ray beams. IEC RQA and ISO N series x-ray beam qualities, in the range of 40-100 kVp, were calibrated using a PTW-type ionization chamber. The energy response of a thick BC-408 PS detector was measured using the multichannel pulse height analysis method. The response of BC-408 PS increased gradually with increasing energy in the energy range of 40-80 kVp and then showed a flat behavior at about 80 to 120 kVp. This might be due to the self-attenuation of scintillation light by the scintillator itself and may also be partly due to the ionization quenching, leading to a reduction in the intensity of the light output from the scintillator. The results indicated that the sensitivity drop in BC-408 PS material at lower photon energies may be overcome by adding some high-Z elements to its polyvinyltoluene (PVT) base. The material modification may compensate for the drop in the response at lower photon energies. Thus plastic scintillation dosimetry is potentially suitable for applications in diagnostic radiology.

No abstract

Araştırma kapsamında sağlık hizmetleri pazarlamasında algılanan hizmet kalitesi ve müşteri memnuniyeti üzerinde ağızdan ağıza pazarlamanın etkisi incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda Karaman'da bulunan hastanelerden sağlık hizmeti almış kişilere anket uygulanmıştır. Algılanan hizmet kalitesi ve müşteri memnuniyeti, tavsiye davranışı üzerinde oldukça etkilidir. Sağlık hizmetinden memnun ayrılan müşteriler, aynı hizmeti tekrar tercih etmektedir ve yakınlarına tavsiye etmektedirler. Müşterilerine ulaşmak zorunda kalan ve onlara ürün ve hizmet sunan her kuruluş gibi, sağlık hizmeti sunan hastanelerin de hizmet kalitesi ve müşteri memnuniyeti gibi konulara odaklanması gerekmektedir. Sağlık kuruluşları, müşterilerin hizmet deneyimlerine ilişkin beklentilerini iyi anlamak, bu beklentilerini etkin bir şekilde karşılamak ihtiyacındadırlar. Müşterilerin beklentilerini karşılamaya yönelik gerekli yatırım ve çalışmaların yapılmasının özellikle olumlu ağızdan ağıza pazarlama davranışını teşvik ederek, sağlık kuruluşlarına önemli getiriler sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. A Research on Determining the Đmpact of Word of Mouth Marketing on Percieved Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction* AbstractIn this research, the word of mouth marketing effect on perceived service quality and customer satisfaction is investigated in health service marketing. In this context, survey applied to the persons who bought health service from the hospitals in Karaman. Perceived service quality and customer satisfaction are considerably effective on attitude of recommendation. The satisfied customers for health service also prefer the same service again and they recommend it to their surroundings. Health service supplier hospitals have to focus on subjects like service quality and customer satisfactions like every organization that has to reach their customers and supply goods and services. Health organizations have to well understand their customers' expectations related their service experiences and they have to meet these expectations effectively. It is thought that carrying out investments for satisfying customer expectations will bring substantial returns to health organizations by promoting affirmative worth of mouth marketing.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) determined by experimental or Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods is a very important parameter in HPGe detectors. Since FEPE depends on the detector's geometric parameters, the parameters provided by the manufacturer are of great importance in modeling the detector with the MC method. The most important reason for the discrepancy between MC and experimental calculations is the lack of accurate information about the detector's geometric properties. The thickness of the copper contact pin in the middle of the detector hole is not given by the manufacturer. In this study, the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency was investigated by using the PHITS 3.24 MC simulation program both at different copper contact pin radii and at different detector-source distances. The efficiency values were calculated for photons in the energy range of 59.5 keV-1408 keV, at 4 different distances, namely 5 cm, 13.25 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm and for the radii of copper contact pins increased from 1 mm to 3.5 mm at 0.5 mm intervals. According to the results, it has been determined that the presence of copper contact pins causes a change in detector efficiency up to 1.9%, especially in the high energy region, and has no effect on the detector efficiency in the low energy region. In addition, it has been observed that the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency is almost independent of the source-detector distance.